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1/2 BIO > 8.Biodiversity and Relationships > Flashcards

8.Biodiversity and Relationships Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

identify the taxonomic ranks in order (broadest first)

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

(Do Keep Ponds Clean Or Frogs Get Sick)

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2
Q

what is a species

A

species are organisms that can breed together to produce viable and fertile offspring

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3
Q

How are scientific names written

A

Genus species

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4
Q

what makes two organisms closely related

A

-if they share the same Genus

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5
Q

what are abiotic factors
+eg

A

a property of the environment relating to non living things
eg temperature

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6
Q

what are biotic factors
+eg

A

a property of the environment relating to living things
eg competition

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7
Q

what is an adaptation

A

A structural, behavioural or physiological characteristic of an organism that enables it to survive in its natural environment

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8
Q

identify the types of adaptations

A

structural, physiological and behavioural

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9
Q

identify structural adaptations for desert environment

A

-insulation
-surface area to volume ratio

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10
Q

identify physiological adaptations for desert environment

A

-metabolic heat
-surface blood flow
-increase water input
-decrease water output
-evaporative cooling

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11
Q

identify behavioural adaptations for desert environment

A

-evading extreme conditions
-enduring extreme conditions

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12
Q

how can insulation be useful in desert environment

A

-the more insulated an animal is, the harder it is for the animal to release heat into the environment
-therefore the less insulated an animal is, the easier it is to release heat into the environment
-thin insulating layer is preferred

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13
Q

advantage of high SA:V ratio in desert

A

can release heat into a cold area (like a burrow)

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14
Q

disadvantage of high SA:V ratio in desert

A

exposure to direct sunlight can quickly increase body temperature

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15
Q

advantage of low SA:V ratio in desert

A

doesn’t absorb as much heat if directly exposed to sunlight or cannot avoid the heat

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16
Q

disadvantage of low SA:V ratio in desert

A

they still need to be able to release wasted heat which can be more difficult with a low SA:V ratio

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17
Q

identify two strategies for which an organism can generate heat

A

-endotherm
-ectotherm

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18
Q

what is an endotherm
+eg

A

an animal that produces the majority of its own heat via metabolic processes
eg mammals, birds

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19
Q

what is an ectotherm
+eg

A

an animal that obtains heat primarily from the environment, rather than its own metabolic heat
eg. reptiles, amphibians

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20
Q

where are most ectotherms found and why

A

many ectotherms live in desert environment because permanently cold environments provide too little environmental heat for an ectotherm to survive

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21
Q

what is torpor

A

torpor is a physiological and behavioural adaptation for survival in which an animals metabolic rate is severely reduced

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22
Q

one animal that uses torpor

A

Australian water holding frogs

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23
Q

benefits of torpor

A

-little energy is required to fuel this state
-prolonged torpor helps animals to avoid extreme environmental conditions for extended periods of time

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24
Q

how can surface blood flow assist animals that live in desert environment

A

-when internal temperature rises after activity, blood vessels near the skin dilate and total surface blood flow increases (vasodilation)
-this hot blood releases heat into the environment (via radiation) cooling the animal down

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25
Q

how can desert animals increase their water input

A

-due to low water availability of surface water
-animals obtain water from food they eat, drinking dewfall, metabolic production of water (byproduct of metabolic processes-aerobic cellular respiration, condensation polymerisation)

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26
Q

how can desert animals decrease water output

A

-excreting concentrated urine (which contains very little water)
-reptiles and birds lose even less water by excreting uric acid with other wastes in a semi solid form
-faeces with low water content

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27
Q

what structure allows for the release of concentrated urine

A

extremely long loop of henle

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28
Q

how can evaporative cooling assist desert animals

A

-animals release huge amounts of heat via the evaporation of water
-sweating and panting are both examples of evaporative cooling

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29
Q

limitation of evaporative cooling

A

While the evaporation of water is an effective heat loss mechanism, it requires water and may cause dehydration in dry environments

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30
Q

what does evading consist of in a desert environment

A

-seek shade, although the temperature is still high, no sunlight is directly absorbed
-dig burrows
-nocturnal behaviour

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31
Q

what is meant by nocturnal behaviour

A

animal is active at night when it is cooler

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32
Q

what kind of animals evade desert conditions

A

small-medium sized animals

eg rock wallabies

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33
Q

what does enduring consist of in a desert environment

A

-inactivity during hottest parts of the day
-dig small pits-please heat into soil
-seek shade
-wallow in mud/water baths/lick arms-water evaporates from skin, heat is removed from body

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34
Q

what kind of animals endure desert conditions

A

larger animals usually

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35
Q

identify structural adaptations for cold environment

A

-insulation
-surface area to volume ratio

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36
Q

identify physiological adaptations for cold environment

A

-endotherms
-torpor
-circulation-vasoconstriction and countercurrent circulation

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37
Q

how can insulation be useful in cold environment

A

-animals in these environments often have a thick insulating layer covering their entire body
-this protects them against heat release into the environment

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38
Q

identify behavioural adaptations in cold environment

A

-reducing exposed surface area
-huddling
-seeking shelter
-migration

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39
Q

how can reducing surface area to volume ratio benefit animals in cold environment

A

-By reducing their surface area to volume ratio an animal will release heat slowly increasing the time it takes for body temperature to drop
-in a cold environment the more the organisms body shape resembles a sphere the easier it is to maintain a constant body temperature

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40
Q

what conditions are endotherms usually found in and why

A

There is a greater proportion of endotherms in cold environments, this is because animals cannot obtain heat from environment with a lower temperature than their body so maintaining a stable body temperature by internal metabolic processes is typically advantageous

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41
Q

what types of torpor are used in cold environments

A

hibernation and brumation

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42
Q

advantage of torpor in cold environments

A

State of torpor is beneficial as the reduction in metabolic rate allows the animal to survive on very little food or water, and remaining inactive in shelter allows animals to avoid harsh weather

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43
Q

example of organism that uses torpor in cold environment

A

pygmy possums hibernate in colder months

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44
Q

identify two methods of circulation to prevent heat loss

A

vasoconstriction and countercurrent circulation

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45
Q

how does countercurrent circulation help prevent heat loss

A

-Cools blood heading to the outer surface and heats blood heading back to the body’s core
-uses the heat in blood travelling from the heart to heat cool blood returning from the animals outside structures like arms, legs or skin meaning the core body temperature is not lowered
-as a result this then cools the blood heading towards the outside structures so less heat is released to the environment by radiation

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46
Q

how can reducing exposed Surface area help animals in cold environments

A

Object with lower surface area to volume ratio release less heat so many animals will reduce their surface area to volume ratio by hiding or protecting their outside structures as temperature drops
eg by standing on one leg

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47
Q

how can huddling help animals in cold environments

A

Huddling artificially decrease the individual surface area to volume ratio, decreasing in the amount of heat released by the animal into the environment
eg emperor penguins huddle

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48
Q

how can seeking shelter help animals in cold environments

A

By seeking shelter (eg dens or rocky outcrops) animals can surround themselves in a stable environment with little or no wind and slightly higher temperatures

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49
Q

how can migration help animals in cold environments

A

Rather than adapting to the cold, many animals will simply migrate to a lower altitude or more moderate latitudes where resources are more readily available

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50
Q

identify the adaptations for plants in hot environments

A

-decreasing heat uptake
-increasing water uptake
-water storage
-minimising water loss

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51
Q

how can plants decrease heat uptake in hot environment

A

-having lightly coloured or reflective leaves
-producing leaves with smaller surface area
-orientating leaves vertically to minimise surface area exposed to the sun

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52
Q

how can plants increase water uptake in hot environment

A

-Desert plants have extensive deep root systems capable of reaching ground water reserves
-other desert plants spread roots horizontally to absorb the maximum amount of surface water during brief periods of rain and store this water for later use

eg baobabs

53
Q

how can water storage help plants in hot environment

A

To increase the availability of water, rather than developing highly complex roots systems to gain water all year around some plants collect huge amounts of water during the rainy season and store this water for use in the dry season

54
Q

how can plants minimise water loss in hot environment

A

-Plants can minimise water loss by reducing their stomatal density
-using sunken stomata that produces pockets of humid air
-by maintaining a humid environment around the leaf by folding or rolling their leaves

55
Q

how can plants prevent freezing in cold environments

A

-when the temperature drops plant cells receive signals to increase the concentrations of solute such as glucose in the cells which increases the plant cells resistance to freezing
-some plants can also produce antifreeze proteins these proteins disrupt the formation of ice crystals within the cell enabling water to remain liquid at lower temperatures

56
Q

identify the adaptations for plants in cold environment

A

-preventing freezing
-decidous tree
-seed dormancy

57
Q

what is a deciduous tree

A

Tree that seasonally drops all of its leaves at once to avoid harsh conditions

58
Q

advantages of deciduous tree in cold environment

A

-avoid frozen leaf tissue during winter
-requires less energy and water to survive during winter months
-experience less branch breakage during periods of heavy snowfall and strong winds

59
Q

what are dormant sees + how can seed dormancy help plants in cold environments

A

Dormant seed is one that is unable to develop during a specific time under certain environmental conditions
-seed dormancy is a trait of many cold adapted plants, where seeds will be dispersed before the winter months and then remain dormant until warmer spring weather
-when the seeds detect increases in temperature or light availability they quickly sprout and grow during the favourable living conditions of the summer months

60
Q

what is a population

A

the number of one species in a geographic location

61
Q

what is a community

A

a group of interacting populations of different species in the same geographical region

62
Q

what is a ecosystem

A

multiple communities interacting with one another and their physical environment

63
Q

what is population size

A

the number of individuals in a population

64
Q

what is carrying capacity

A

the maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely

65
Q

identify two types of migration

A

immigration and emigration

66
Q

what is immigration

A

migration of individuals into a population

67
Q

what is emigration

A

migration of individuals out of a population

68
Q

identify two reproductive strategies

A

‘r-Selection’ and K-Selection

69
Q

what is r selection

A

-Often referred to as the quick and many strategy
-this method involves producing large numbers of offspring more regularly while placing little or no parental care into each offspring,
-this typically leads to a higher death rate
-species who employ r election strategy will reach sexual maturity quickly and will become self-sufficient adult earlier than other organisms
-population growth in r strategists is often boom and bust, where large explosions in the population are often followed by a massive die off

70
Q

examples of r selection animals

A

-aquatic animals-turtles
-insects
-rodents

71
Q

what is K-Selection

A

-Often referred to as the slow and few method this method involves producing much smaller numbers of offspring, which are often larger in size and more dependent on parental care
-species who employed the K selection strategy will reach sexual maturity much slower and will therefore breed later in their lifespan and other organisms
-population growth in K-Selection strategists will remain constant at the carrying capacity of environment

72
Q

examples of K-Selection animals

A

humans, chimpanzees and elephants

73
Q

what is a population distribution

A

the range of geographical areas that members of a population can be found in

74
Q

identify different arrangements for population distribution

A

uniform, random or clumped

75
Q

what is population density

A

the number of individuals in a population per unit area

76
Q

identify two factors that can influence population density

A

-density dependent factors
-density independent factors

77
Q

what are density dependent factors

A

-environmental factors that affect population growth but are not affected by population density

78
Q

examples of density dependent factors

A

-climate
-natural disasters
-functionally unlimited resources

79
Q

what are density independent factors

A

Environmental factors that affect population growth and become stronger as population density increases

80
Q

examples of density independent factors

A

-disease
-population
-competition
-resource availability

81
Q

what is mutualism

A

when both organisms benefit from a symbiotic relationship

82
Q

example of mutualism

A

Honey bee receives honey and pollen which are an energy source whilst the flower is pollinated

83
Q

notation for mutualism

A

+/+

84
Q

what is commensalism

A

when one organism benefits while the other is unaffected in a symbiotic relationship

85
Q

notation for commensalism

A

+/0

86
Q

example of commensalism

A

Certain species of orchards grow in the high branches of tropical trees this allows them to access sunlight
-the tree is not affected

87
Q

what is predation

A

when one organism (predator) kills and eats another organism (prey)

88
Q

notation for predation

A

+/-

89
Q

example of predation

A

cheetah (predator) hunts and eats impala (prey)

90
Q

what is parasitism

A

when one organism (parasite) benefits and the other is harmed in a symbiotic relationship

91
Q

notation for parasitism

A

+/-

92
Q

identify two categories of parasites

A

-endoparasites
-ectoparasites

93
Q

what are endoparasites

A

organisms that live inside another organism and feed from it

94
Q

what are ectoparasites

A

organisms that live outside an organism and feed from it

95
Q

what is amensalism

A

When one organism is unaffected while the other is harmed in a symbiotic relationship

96
Q

notation for amensalism

A

-/0

97
Q

example of amensalism

A

Cows walk on small shrubs which kills or damages them, however the cow themselves receive neither benefit nor harm

98
Q

example of endoparasite

A

Tapeworms live in a host like a dog and take the nutrients from the host

99
Q

example for exoparasite

A

ticks can feed off a human

100
Q

what is competition

A

interactions between two or more organisms competing for the same pool of resources

101
Q

notation for competition

A

-/-

102
Q

example of competition

A

-weeds growing in a vegetable garden compete with vegetables by absorbing water and nutrients, thereby limiting vegetable growth
-however vegetables absorbing water and nutrients also limit weed grow the exact same way

103
Q

identify types of competition

A

-interspecific competition
-intraspecific competition

104
Q

what is interspecific competition

A

Interspecific competition describes competition between two individuals of different species

105
Q

what is intraspecific competition

A

intraspecific competition is competition between two individuals of the same species

106
Q

eg of interspecific competition

A

weeds and vegetables competing for water and nutrients in garden

107
Q

example of intraspecific competition

A

two male red kangaroos fighting to establish dominance and win over a female mate

108
Q

what is an autotroph

A

make their own food

109
Q

what is a heterotroph

A

cannot make their own food so feeds on other organisms

110
Q

what is a carnivore

A

feeds only off other animals

111
Q

what is a herbivore

A

feeds only on plant matter

112
Q

what is an omnivore

A

feeds on both animal and plant matter

113
Q

what is a predator

A

animals that kill and eat other animals (their prey)

114
Q

what is prey

A

animals that are killed and eaten by other animals

115
Q

what is a keystone species

A

a species whose effects on an ecosystem are greater than expected relative to its population size

116
Q

what is an apex predator

A

a predator that has no natural predators and is at the top of its food chain

117
Q

what are ecosystem engineers

A

an organism that creates, significantly alters or maintains the structure of an environment

118
Q

what are indigenous Australian ways of knowing

A

a system of knowledge and beliefs cultivated and preserved by indigenous Australians

119
Q

what is the stingray adaptation and how was it utilised by IA

A

-an adaptation of the sting ray is a barb located on the tail
-weapons and fishing tools constructed have demonstrated the use of stingray defence mechanisms in their structure

120
Q

what is the shark adaptation and how was it utilised by IA

A

-the sharp serrated teeth of sharks are highly adapted to cut flesh
-IA have crafted knives using shark teeth fixed onto wood etc

121
Q

what is the water holding frogs adaptation and how was it utilised by IA

A

-these frogs are able to store water underneath their skin which can be absorbed into the body in times of water scarcity
-In times of drought or emergency squeezing the frog released water that was fit for human consumption

122
Q

what is the adaptation for lawyer cane plant and how did IA utilise it

A

-curved hooks along the leaf sheath that can help it catch onto other plants
-used by IA for hooking prawns and extracting witchety grubs
-prepare meat
-saw through soft timber to harvest insects
-manufacture fishing hooks

123
Q

what is the possum adaptation and how was it utilised by IA

A

-possum fur- hollow structure that traps air to provide insulation, fur can also draw moisture away from the skin
-exploited possum fur to manufacture possum cloaks and other clothing
-echidna quills were used in combination to possum fur as it was more sustainable

124
Q

what is a pyrophilic plant

A

plant for which fire is a necessary part of its life cycle

125
Q

what is the quandong used for by IA

A

food, medicine, fire and increase distribution of seeds

126
Q

what is a structural adaptation

A

evolved modification to an organisms physical structure

127
Q

what is physiological adaptation

A

Evolved modifications to an organism’s internal functioning or metabolic processes

128
Q

what is behavioural adaptation

A

Evolved modifications to an organism’s actions

1/2 BIO (14 decks)

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