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1/2 BIO > 12.Digestive system and enzymes > Flashcards

12.Digestive system and enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

define digestion

A

the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules by chemical and physical means

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2
Q

function of mouth in digestion

A

1.teeth physically (mechanically) breakdown food into smaller pieces
2.saliva containing amylase chemically breaks down starch

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3
Q

function of salivary glands in digestion

A

-makes saliva which is required for lubrication to swallow food
-salvia contains salivary amylase
-amylase breaks down starch into maltose
-only carbohydrates get broken down in the mouth

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4
Q

function of oesophagus in digestion

A

-connects mouth to stomach
-moves food by peristalsis- muscle contractions

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5
Q

function of stomach in digestion

A

-muscular bags churn food- PHYSICAL breakdown
-stomach makes pepsin which breaks down polypeptides into dipeptides
-stomach makes HCl
-this kills pathogens and provides optimum pH for pepsin to function
-only proteins start to be broken down in stomach

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6
Q

function of small intestine-duodenum in digestion

A

-1st part of small intestine
-enzymes from pancreas are released into duodenum that breaks down proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
-bile is also added at this point
-ph 7
-digestion is completed here

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7
Q

function of liver in digestion

A

-no food enters liver
-liver makes bile
-bile PHYSICALLY breaks down large lipid molecules into smaller droplets

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8
Q

function of pancreas in digestion

A

-no food enters pancreas
-the pancreas makes enzymes that breaks down lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
-enzymes pass from pancreas to duodenum down pancreatic duct

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9
Q

function of small intenstine-ileum for digestion

A

-last part of small intestine
-where the final products of digestion are absorbed into the bloodstream
-villi and microvilli increase SA of small intensive for absorption

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10
Q

function of large intestine for digestion

A

-absorbs water by osmosis
-consists of colon and rectum

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11
Q

rectum function

A

stores faeces for defaecation

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12
Q

anus function

A

faeces pass through anus -egestion

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13
Q

what is activation energy

A

the energy needed to start a reaction

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14
Q

anabolic/___
+Eg

A

endergonic
build up
energy required
eg condensation polymerisation, protein synthesis and photosynthesis

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15
Q

catabolic/__
+Eg

A

exergonic
breakdown
energy releasing
eg respiration, hydrolysis, glycolysis

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16
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a protein biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

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17
Q

labels for 3 part enzyme diagram

A

-enzyme (E)
-substrate
-active site (specific and complementary in terms of shape and charge to the substrate)
-enzyme substrate complex
-products
-3 arrows

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18
Q

what colour is phenolphthalein in acidic solutions

A

colourless

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19
Q

what colour is solution (with phenolphthalein) when lipids break down

A

colourless because fatty ACIDS are produced, lowering pH

20
Q

enzyme at low temperature (below optimum)
EXPLAIN

A

-because enzyme is inactive at low temperature
-then there will be less kinetic energy and decreased frequency of collisions and decreased frequency of SUCCESSFUL collisions leading to less enzyme substrate complexes forming
-therefore there will be less products and a slower rate of reaction

21
Q

enzyme at optimum temperature
EXPLAIN

A

-because the enzyme is functioning at its optimum
-then there will be higher frequency of collisions and higher frequency of SUCCESSFUL collisions leading to the most enzyme substrate complexes being formed
-therefore the most products will be found and at a faster rate of reaction

22
Q

enzymes at very high temperatures
EXPLAIN

A

-because the enzyme is denatured
-then the 3d structure of the active site of the enzyme is no longer complementary and specific (in terms of shape and charge) to the substrate meaning less enzyme substrate complexes will be formed
-therefore the least amounts of products will be produced at a lower rate of reaction

23
Q

enzymes in low or high pH
EXPLAIN

A

-because the enzyme is denatured at low/high pH
-then the 3d structure of the active site of the enzyme is no longer complementary and specific (in terms of shape and charge) to the substrate, meaning less enzyme substrate complexes will be formed
-therefore the least amounts of products will be produced at a lower rate of reaction

24
Q

enzymes in optimal pH
EXPLAIN

A

-because the enzyme is functioning at its optimum
-then there will be higher frequency of collisions and higher frequency of SUCCESSFUL collisions leading to the most enzyme substrate complexes being formed
-therefore the most products will be found and at a faster rate of reaction

25
Q

how is hydrogen peroxide broken down

A

-catalase catalyses process of breaking down the potentially harmful substance hydrogen peroxide
-products are oxygen and water

26
Q

define absorption

A

absorption is the movement of digested food molecules into the blood or lymph

27
Q

outline the small intestine adaptations for absorption

A

rich blood supply-maintains diffusion gradient
thin walls-short distance for molecules to diffuse
moist-molecules diffuse in solution
villi & microvilli-increase SA for absorption

28
Q

name 5 molecules that need to be absorbed

A

glucose, fructose, amino acids, minerals, water, glycerol, fatty acids, ions

29
Q

function of capillaries

A

-absorbs monosaccharides, amino acids, vitamins and minerals
-done by diffusion initially
-once equilibrium is reached, active transport maximises absorption by moving solute against the concentration gradient

30
Q

function of lacteal

A

-absorbs fatty acids and glycerol
-part of lymphatic system

31
Q

function of epithelial cells

A

-contain protein channels for facilitated diffusion and protein pumps for active transport
-contain many mitochondrion to provide ATP for active uptake
-molecules enter initially via facilitated diffusion, once equilibrium is reached active transport is required to maximise absorption of Molecules

32
Q

define assimilation

A

assimilation is the movement of digested food molecules into cells of the body where they are used or become part of the cell

33
Q

define excretion

A

the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter

34
Q

what is urine made up of

A

96% water
4-7%:urea, uric acid, salts

35
Q

organs in excretory system

A

2x kidneys
ureter
bladder
urethra

36
Q

name four parts of nephron

A

Bowmans capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule

37
Q

Bowmans capsule function

A

FILTERS THE BLOOD
water and small molecules can pass into proximal convoluted tubule. Large proteins and blood cells stay behind

38
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule function

A

REABSORPTION OF IONS
glucose, specific ions, and amino acids are reabsorbed into capillaries by active transport

39
Q

Loop of Henle function

A

REABSORPTION OF WATER
the ascending limb actively pumps ions out of the tubule. This makes the tissue surrounding the descending limb highly concentrated, so water exits

40
Q

distal convoluted tubule function

A

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION
more active transport of ions out, so that water follows based on requirements and water needs

41
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

network of glands in animals that secrete hormones into the blood to travel to nearby/ distant cells

42
Q

what is a hormone

A

chemical signalling molecule secreted directly into the bloodstream by a gland which travels to a target organ or cell

43
Q

types of hormones +egs

A

Lipid (steroid)- testosterone and estrogen
Protein-ADH
Amino acid-adrenalin

44
Q

function of pituitary gland

A

an organ of the endocrine system that releases hormones that regulate growth and reproduction

45
Q

function of pancreas

A

an organ of the endocrine system that releases hormones that regulate BGL

46
Q

how does urine leave body

A

ureter, bladder, urethra

1/2 BIO (14 decks)

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