1.Cells, structure and function Flashcards
AOS1 Outcome 1
3 Parts of Cell Theory
- Cells are the basic functional and structural unit of life
- All cells come from pre existing cells
- All living things are made from one or more cells or from products of cells
name 5 cells you may find in humans
Red blood cells
White blood cells
T helper cells
muscle cells
Natural killer cells
dendrite cells
B cell
liver cells
Labels for prokaryotic cells
(peptidoglycan) cell wall
plasma cell membrane
cytosol
70’s ribosomes
single circular chromosome
plasmid
mesosome
flagellum
pilli
labels for animal cells
plasma cell membrane
nucleus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
transport vesicle
Golgi apparatus
secretory vesicle
mitochondrion
cytosol
80’s ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome
centrosomes and (centrioles)
label for planet cells
cellulose cell wall
plasma cell membrane
mitochondrion
chloroplast
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
large permanent vacuole
secretory vesicle
Golgi apparatus
transport vesicle
80’s ribosomes
cytosol
nucleus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Endosymbiosis Theory
States that membrane bound organelles, such as the mitochondria and chloroplast were once there own prokaryotic cell until they were engulfed by a larger prokaryotic cell, the membrane bound organelles grew dependent on these larger cells leading to a symbiotic relationship and to what we know now as eukaryotic cells.
Evidence for endosymbiotic theory
Size
Own DNA genome
Bacterial ribosomal RNA
Double membrane
Prokaryotic cell vs Eukaryotic cell
lacks nucleus vs nucleus
lacks membrane bound organelles vs membrane bound organelles
only 70’s ribosomes vs both 70’s and 80’s ribosomes
single circular chromosome vs multiple linear chromosomes
No introns present in DNA vs Introns present in DNA
Plasmids vs lack of plasmids
Where is the genetic material found in Eukaryotic cells
The Nucleus
Where is the genetic material found in Prokaryotic cells
(In cytosol)
single circular chromosome
plasmid
what is a polymer
Polymers are many repeating monomers joined together
what makes up a nucleotide
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group function
-responsible for the negative charge of DNA
-contains phosphorus and oxygen
Condensation Polymerisation reaction
The chemical elimination of water during the formation of polymers.
-requires energy input t/f endergonic and anabolic
Elements in nucleic acids
CHONP
Different nitrogenous bases and the groups
The purines: Adenine and Guanine (AG)
The pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
Rules for complementary base pairing
IN DNA:
Adenine will bind only to thymine
Cytosine will bind only to guanine
In RNA:
Adenine will bind only to uracil
Cytosine will bind only to guanine
DNA vs RNA
Double stranded vs single stranded
Thymine vs uracil
deoxyribose sugar vs ribose sugar
(note can’t mention the ‘double vs single strand’ if comparing nucleotides)
Organelle definiton
An organelle is a sub cellular structure that has a specific functions
-phospholipid bilayer surrounds organelle -hence, membrane bound.
Nucleus Function
-which cells
-Contains DNA that controls cellular functions by coding for proteins
-transcribes DNA into mRNA
-In plant and animal cells
Mitochondrion function
-which cells
site of aerobic cellular function (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain)
-In plant and animal cells
Where does aerobic cellular respiration occur in prokaryotes
mesosome
Ribosome function
-which cells
-Site of protein synthesis
-translates mRNA code into a polypeptide
-found in all cells (70’s and/or 80’s)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum function
-which cells
Folds and Transports polypeptides into transport vesicles.
-found in eukaryotic cells
Golgi apparatus function
-which cells
-Final packaging and modification of proteins into secretory vesicles
-found in eukaryotic cells
Chloroplast function
-which cells
Site of photosynthesis
-found in plant cells only
(note that is is larger than the mitochondrion)
Large permanent vacuole function
-which cells
-storage of cell sap
-found in plant cells ONLY
(note that this is larger than the nucleus)
Cell Wall function
-which cells
provides strength and support for the cell
-found in prokaryotic and plant cells
Plant vs Animal cell
Cellulose cell wall vs no cell wall
large permanent vacuole vs no large permanent vacuole
chloroplast vs no chloroplasts
no centrosome vs centrosomes
no lysosome vs lysosome
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function
-which cells
synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates around the cell
-found In plant ad animal cells
(‘smooth’ because lacks ribosomes)
Lysosomes function
-which cells
contains digestive enzymes for the destruction of unwanted cell material
-found in animal cells ONLY
Plasma cell membrane function
-which cells
regulates the inputs and outputs of the cell (semi permeable)
-found in all cells
centrosome function
Form spindle fibres for nuclear division (mitosis and meiosis)
-found in animal cells ONLY
Cytosol function
-which cells
Fluid part of the cell where some chemical reactions occur ( eg glycolysis )
-found in all cells
Proteome
The entire set of proteins expressed by an organism at a given time
Elements in proteins
CHON (s)
(Sulfur may be present depending on the residual group that may vary)
Primary structure of proteins
+ What bonds are present
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds.
peptide bonds are present
Secondary structure of proteins
+ What bonds are present
The primary structure folded into
ALPHA HELICES
BETA PLEATED SHEETS
OR RANDOM FOLDING
hydrogen bonds may be present
Tertiary structure of proteins
+ What bonds are present
overall 3d structure composed of folded secondary structures
Hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
disulphide bridges
(HID BONDS)
Quaternary structure of proteins
+ What bonds present
Two or more polypeptide chains joined together
Dispersion forces and hydrogen bonds present
Transcription
-DNA unwinds, and RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region [of…]
-DNA template strand is copied into pre mRNA via commentary base pairing using RNA polymerase
-pre MRNA undergoes RNA processing. Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl cap and 3 poly-A-tail are added to form mRNA
-mRNA {for…] leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome
Translation
-Ribosome reads the mRNA code [of..]
-tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome
-tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to [the] mRNA codons [of…]
-Amino Acids are joined together by a peptide bond, in a condensation polymerisation reaction, and a […] polypeptide is formed.
transport vesicles function
transports proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
secretory vesicles function
allows proteins to be secreted out of the cell via exocytosis
Explain how SA:V ratio influences cell size
As cells increase in size the SA:V ratio decreases
t/f these cells will not be able to exchange materials efficiently limiting these cells getting bigger
list the biomacromolecules
carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids
lipids
