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1/2 BIO > 1.Cells, structure and function > Flashcards

1.Cells, structure and function Flashcards

AOS1 Outcome 1

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 Parts of Cell Theory

A
  1. Cells are the basic functional and structural unit of life
  2. All cells come from pre existing cells
  3. All living things are made from one or more cells or from products of cells
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2
Q

name 5 cells you may find in humans

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
T helper cells
muscle cells
Natural killer cells
dendrite cells
B cell
liver cells

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3
Q

Labels for prokaryotic cells

A

(peptidoglycan) cell wall
plasma cell membrane
cytosol
70’s ribosomes
single circular chromosome
plasmid
mesosome

flagellum
pilli

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4
Q

labels for animal cells

A

plasma cell membrane
nucleus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
transport vesicle
Golgi apparatus
secretory vesicle
mitochondrion
cytosol
80’s ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome
centrosomes and (centrioles)

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5
Q

label for planet cells

A

cellulose cell wall
plasma cell membrane
mitochondrion
chloroplast
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
large permanent vacuole
secretory vesicle
Golgi apparatus
transport vesicle
80’s ribosomes
cytosol
nucleus
rough endoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

Endosymbiosis Theory

A

States that membrane bound organelles, such as the mitochondria and chloroplast were once there own prokaryotic cell until they were engulfed by a larger prokaryotic cell, the membrane bound organelles grew dependent on these larger cells leading to a symbiotic relationship and to what we know now as eukaryotic cells.

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7
Q

Evidence for endosymbiotic theory

A

Size
Own DNA genome
Bacterial ribosomal RNA
Double membrane

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8
Q

Prokaryotic cell vs Eukaryotic cell

A

lacks nucleus vs nucleus
lacks membrane bound organelles vs membrane bound organelles
only 70’s ribosomes vs both 70’s and 80’s ribosomes
single circular chromosome vs multiple linear chromosomes
No introns present in DNA vs Introns present in DNA
Plasmids vs lack of plasmids

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9
Q

Where is the genetic material found in Eukaryotic cells

A

The Nucleus

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10
Q

Where is the genetic material found in Prokaryotic cells

A

(In cytosol)
single circular chromosome
plasmid

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11
Q

what is a polymer

A

Polymers are many repeating monomers joined together

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12
Q

what makes up a nucleotide

A

Phosphate group
Pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
Nitrogenous base

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13
Q

Phosphate group function

A

-responsible for the negative charge of DNA
-contains phosphorus and oxygen

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14
Q

Condensation Polymerisation reaction

A

The chemical elimination of water during the formation of polymers.
-requires energy input t/f endergonic and anabolic

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15
Q

Elements in nucleic acids

A

CHONP

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16
Q

Different nitrogenous bases and the groups

A

The purines: Adenine and Guanine (AG)
The pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

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17
Q

Rules for complementary base pairing

A

IN DNA:
Adenine will bind only to thymine
Cytosine will bind only to guanine

In RNA:
Adenine will bind only to uracil
Cytosine will bind only to guanine

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18
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

Double stranded vs single stranded
Thymine vs uracil
deoxyribose sugar vs ribose sugar
(note can’t mention the ‘double vs single strand’ if comparing nucleotides)

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19
Q

Organelle definiton

A

An organelle is a sub cellular structure that has a specific functions
-phospholipid bilayer surrounds organelle -hence, membrane bound.

20
Q

Nucleus Function
-which cells

A

-Contains DNA that controls cellular functions by coding for proteins
-transcribes DNA into mRNA
-In plant and animal cells

21
Q

Mitochondrion function
-which cells

A

site of aerobic cellular function (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain)
-In plant and animal cells

22
Q

Where does aerobic cellular respiration occur in prokaryotes

A

mesosome

23
Q

Ribosome function
-which cells

A

-Site of protein synthesis
-translates mRNA code into a polypeptide
-found in all cells (70’s and/or 80’s)

24
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function
-which cells

A

Folds and Transports polypeptides into transport vesicles.
-found in eukaryotic cells

25
Q

Golgi apparatus function
-which cells

A

-Final packaging and modification of proteins into secretory vesicles
-found in eukaryotic cells

26
Q

Chloroplast function
-which cells

A

Site of photosynthesis
-found in plant cells only
(note that is is larger than the mitochondrion)

27
Q

Large permanent vacuole function
-which cells

A

-storage of cell sap
-found in plant cells ONLY
(note that this is larger than the nucleus)

28
Q

Cell Wall function
-which cells

A

provides strength and support for the cell
-found in prokaryotic and plant cells

29
Q

Plant vs Animal cell

A

Cellulose cell wall vs no cell wall
large permanent vacuole vs no large permanent vacuole
chloroplast vs no chloroplasts
no centrosome vs centrosomes
no lysosome vs lysosome

30
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function
-which cells

A

synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates around the cell
-found In plant ad animal cells
(‘smooth’ because lacks ribosomes)

31
Q

Lysosomes function
-which cells

A

contains digestive enzymes for the destruction of unwanted cell material
-found in animal cells ONLY

32
Q

Plasma cell membrane function
-which cells

A

regulates the inputs and outputs of the cell (semi permeable)
-found in all cells

33
Q

centrosome function

A

Form spindle fibres for nuclear division (mitosis and meiosis)
-found in animal cells ONLY

34
Q

Cytosol function
-which cells

A

Fluid part of the cell where some chemical reactions occur ( eg glycolysis )
-found in all cells

35
Q

Proteome

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by an organism at a given time

36
Q

Elements in proteins

A

CHON (s)
(Sulfur may be present depending on the residual group that may vary)

37
Q

Primary structure of proteins
+ What bonds are present

A

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds.

peptide bonds are present

38
Q

Secondary structure of proteins
+ What bonds are present

A

The primary structure folded into
ALPHA HELICES
BETA PLEATED SHEETS
OR RANDOM FOLDING

hydrogen bonds may be present

39
Q

Tertiary structure of proteins
+ What bonds are present

A

overall 3d structure composed of folded secondary structures

Hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
disulphide bridges
(HID BONDS)

40
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins
+ What bonds present

A

Two or more polypeptide chains joined together

Dispersion forces and hydrogen bonds present

41
Q

Transcription

A

-DNA unwinds, and RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region [of…]
-DNA template strand is copied into pre mRNA via commentary base pairing using RNA polymerase
-pre MRNA undergoes RNA processing. Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl cap and 3 poly-A-tail are added to form mRNA
-mRNA {for…] leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome

42
Q

Translation

A

-Ribosome reads the mRNA code [of..]
-tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome
-tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to [the] mRNA codons [of…]
-Amino Acids are joined together by a peptide bond, in a condensation polymerisation reaction, and a […] polypeptide is formed.

43
Q

transport vesicles function

A

transports proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

44
Q

secretory vesicles function

A

allows proteins to be secreted out of the cell via exocytosis

45
Q

Explain how SA:V ratio influences cell size

A

As cells increase in size the SA:V ratio decreases
t/f these cells will not be able to exchange materials efficiently limiting these cells getting bigger

46
Q

list the biomacromolecules

A

carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids
lipids

1/2 BIO (14 decks)

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