8a.1A; Bolivia Flashcards
how is human development traditionally measured
growth of GDP
But why may not it be a good model according to the spec?
but the relationship between human contentment and levels of wealth and income is complex
(Happy Planet Index)
and many dominant models are contested
What two case studies can be used?
(🌎 Sharia Law or Bolivia under Evo Morales)
What is human development
Human developmentmeasures the access the population has to wealth, jobs, education, nutrition, health, leisure and safety - as well as political and cultural freedom
What is economic development
Economic developmentis a measure of a country’s wealth and how it is generated (for example agriculture is considered less economically advanced then banking).
State examples of single economic measures
GDP, GNI, PPP
Pros of GDP, GNI and other single economic measures
- But it does make for an easy comparison between nations.
- Very widely understood.
Cons of single economic measure
- Perhaps the most commonly used measure.
- Issues related to nominal or purchasing power parity and overall conversion / exchange rate calculations.
- Lack of regional picture and urban and rural contrasts.
- Very narrow view of what development is i.e. related to money / wealth.
What are single social measures
literacy, infant mortality, life expectancy, gender equality etc.
Pros and cons of single social measures
Pros:
- perhaps reflect the importance of human development and therefore see development in a broader context.
Cons
-Difficulties of getting data in some places (Sudan, Somalia, North Korea) and exceptions / anomalies such as Cuba.
- Cultural differences & bias – would everyone agree gender inequality a sign of low levels of development is all parts of the world (Saudi Arabia)?
Examples of composite indicators
HDI (UN), world happiness index, happy planet index
Evaluate HDI
- often seen as more accurate as they iron out extremes by including 3+ measures; HDI includes social
- perhaps give a more ‘rounded’ view but data may be incomplete (some factors haven’t had their impact yet)
What are some enviromental indicators of development
- Carbon footprints, ESI/EPI;(Environmental Sustainability/ performance Index)
- Possibly show the link between humans and ecosystem wellbeing as an indicator of development
Describe Evo Moralez
Elected in 2006, and re-elected for 2nd time in 2024
- Native Aymara Indian – reflecting 68% of Bolivians
- Led the Movement towards Socialism
-Aim: exploit the ga and mineral resources (48 trillion ft3) – and share the wealth out
- How: - The Law of Mother earth (2013)
Has Ecvo Moralez plan been successful?
500,000 Bolivians have been lifted out of poverty, but….
…20% still lack clean water and 40% don’t have sanitation.
Negatives of evo moralez plan
The environment is changing:
4oc increased in projected temperatures
Lakes are drying up - e.g. Lake Poopo
Glaciers are melting – e.g. Chacaltaya
What does bolivia need to consider in the future
How much should be spent on renewable energy, food soveriengity, and ecologcai / organic farming
Briefly describe Bolivia
- Presidential Republic
- Andes in the West, Amazon Basin in the East!!!
- Medium-Low rankings development
- 68% Mestizo,(culturally mainstream Latin Americans regarded or termed as Mestizos regardless of their actual ancestry)20% - Indigenous
- Mainly primary industry (textiles, clothing, refined metals and petroleum – also tin.
Why is the relationship between income and life satisfaction complex
- Life satisfaction increases rapidly with wealth when incomes are low to begin with
- When a medium level of income is reached, satisfaction increases only very slowly with additional income
- Some people are much more satisfied than their income would suggest whereas others are much less satisfied
Describe happy planet index
- A measure of human development, introduced by the New Economics Foundation in 2006
- Combines environmental data on sustainability with social data on satisfaction and health - and doesn’t income data on income.
- Uses global data
How to calculate HPI
HPI = EW x LE / EF
- EW = Experienced Well-Being -> people are asked were they place their present well-being on a ladder of ten steps
Some sources call this life satisfaction
- LE = Life Expectancy
- EF = Ecological Footprint -> devised by WWF, per capita amount of land required to sustain a country’s resource consumption
Describe categories of HPI
High HPI: Highest: Costa Rica 64.0, Vietnam 60.4 (best in Central America)
Medium HPI: Upper Middle: UK 47.9, Japan 47.5
Low HPI: Botswana 22.6, Chad 25.2
