8a.1A; Bolivia

Question 1

how is human development traditionally measured

Answer 1

growth of GDP

Question 2

But why may not it be a good model according to the spec?

Answer 2

but the relationship between human contentment and levels of wealth and income is complex
(Happy Planet Index)
and many dominant models are contested

Question 3

What two case studies can be used?

Answer 3

(🌎 Sharia Law or Bolivia under Evo Morales)

Question 4

What is human development

Answer 4

Human developmentmeasures the access the population has to wealth, jobs, education, nutrition, health, leisure and safety - as well as political and cultural freedom

Question 5

What is economic development

Answer 5

Economic developmentis a measure of a country’s wealth and how it is generated (for example agriculture is considered less economically advanced then banking).

Question 6

State examples of single economic measures

Answer 6

GDP, GNI, PPP

Question 7

Pros of GDP, GNI and other single economic measures

Answer 7

• But it does make for an easy comparison between nations.
• Very widely understood.

Question 8

Cons of single economic measure

Answer 8

• Perhaps the most commonly used measure.
• Issues related to nominal or purchasing power parity and overall conversion / exchange rate calculations.
• Lack of regional picture and urban and rural contrasts.
• Very narrow view of what development is i.e. related to money / wealth.

Question 9

What are single social measures

Answer 9

literacy, infant mortality, life expectancy, gender equality etc.

Question 10

Pros and cons of single social measures

Answer 10

Pros:
- perhaps reflect the importance of human development and therefore see development in a broader context.

Cons
-Difficulties of getting data in some places (Sudan, Somalia, North Korea) and exceptions / anomalies such as Cuba.
- Cultural differences & bias – would everyone agree gender inequality a sign of low levels of development is all parts of the world (Saudi Arabia)?

Question 11

Examples of composite indicators

Answer 11

HDI (UN), world happiness index, happy planet index

Question 12

Evaluate HDI

Answer 12

• often seen as more accurate as they iron out extremes by including 3+ measures; HDI includes social
• perhaps give a more ‘rounded’ view but data may be incomplete (some factors haven’t had their impact yet)

Question 13

What are some enviromental indicators of development

Answer 13

• Carbon footprints, ESI/EPI;(Environmental Sustainability/ performance Index)
• Possibly show the link between humans and ecosystem wellbeing as an indicator of development

Question 14

Describe Evo Moralez

Answer 14

Elected in 2006, and re-elected for 2nd time in 2024
- Native Aymara Indian – reflecting 68% of Bolivians
- Led the Movement towards Socialism
-Aim: exploit the ga and mineral resources (48 trillion ft3) – and share the wealth out
- How: - The Law of Mother earth (2013)

Question 15

Has Ecvo Moralez plan been successful?

Answer 15

500,000 Bolivians have been lifted out of poverty, but….
…20% still lack clean water and 40% don’t have sanitation.

Question 16

Negatives of evo moralez plan

Answer 16

The environment is changing:
4oc increased in projected temperatures
Lakes are drying up - e.g. Lake Poopo
Glaciers are melting – e.g. Chacaltaya

Question 17

What does bolivia need to consider in the future

Answer 17

How much should be spent on renewable energy, food soveriengity, and ecologcai / organic farming

Question 18

Briefly describe Bolivia

Answer 18

• Presidential Republic
• Andes in the West, Amazon Basin in the East!!!
• Medium-Low rankings development
• 68% Mestizo,(culturally mainstream Latin Americans regarded or termed as Mestizos regardless of their actual ancestry)20% - Indigenous
• Mainly primary industry (textiles, clothing, refined metals and petroleum – also tin.

Question 19

Why is the relationship between income and life satisfaction complex

Answer 19

• Life satisfaction increases rapidly with wealth when incomes are low to begin with
• When a medium level of income is reached, satisfaction increases only very slowly with additional income
• Some people are much more satisfied than their income would suggest whereas others are much less satisfied

Question 20

Describe happy planet index

Answer 20

• A measure of human development, introduced by the New Economics Foundation in 2006
• Combines environmental data on sustainability with social data on satisfaction and health - and doesn’t income data on income.
• Uses global data

Question 21

How to calculate HPI

Answer 21

HPI = EW x LE / EF
- EW = Experienced Well-Being -> people are asked were they place their present well-being on a ladder of ten steps
Some sources call this life satisfaction
- LE = Life Expectancy
- EF = Ecological Footprint -> devised by WWF, per capita amount of land required to sustain a country’s resource consumption

Question 22

Describe categories of HPI

Answer 22

High HPI: Highest: Costa Rica 64.0, Vietnam 60.4 (best in Central America)
Medium HPI: Upper Middle: UK 47.9, Japan 47.5
Low HPI: Botswana 22.6, Chad 25.2