8.7 cognitive development

Question 1

jean piaget

Answer 1

developed a 4 stages of cognitive development based on observation of infants & children

Question 2

sensorimotor stage

Answer 2

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses & motor abilities to interact with w/ objects in the environment

Question 3

preoperational stage

Answer 3

Piaget’s 2nd stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world

Question 4

concrete operations stage

Answer 4

third stage of cognitive development, in which the school-aged child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking

Question 5

formal operations

Answer 5

Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking

Question 6

Vygotsky’s Theory

Answer 6

emphasized the role of others & the importance of social & cultural interaction in cognitive development

Question 7

scaffolding

Answer 7

process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, then reduces the amt of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

Question 8

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 8

Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone & what that child can do w/ the help of a teacher

Question 9

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 9

neurodevelopmental disorder that actually encompasses a whole range of previous disorders (w/ what may be an equally broad range of causes), which cause probs. in thinking, feeling, language, & social skills in relating to others

Question 10

temperament

Answer 10

behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth

Question 11

attachment

Answer 11

the emotional bond between an infant & the primary caregiver

Question 12

attachment styles

Answer 12

• Secure: willing to explore; upset when mother departs, but easily soothed upon her return
• Avoidant: unattached; explores w/out “touching base”
• Ambivalent: insecurely attached; upset when mother leaves & then angry w/ mother upon her return
• Disorganized-disoriented: insecurely attached & sometimes abused or neglected; child seems fearful, dazed, & depressed

Question 13

self-concept

Answer 13

image you have of yourself

Question 14

erikson’s theory

Answer 14

first 4/8 stages or crisis of development occur in infancy & childhood

Question 15

first 4/8 stages or crisis of development occur in infancy & childhood

Answer 15

• Trust vs. mistrust
• Autonomy vs. shame & doubt
• Initiative vs. guilt
• Industry vs. inferiority

Question 16

puberty

Answer 16

the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak