8.7

Question 1

“Third World”

Answer 1

• The 37 nations that were decolonized after WWII. Often lacked stable political and economic institutions. Their need for foreign aid from either the United States or the Soviet Union often made them into pawns of the Cold War.

Question 2

Foreign Aid

Answer 2

• The primary tool used by the United States to win over the developing nations to its side during the Cold War. U.S. foreign aid went to Europe and Third World nations. Either given for free or was a form of low-interest loans and came with restrictions, which poorer nations came to resent.

Question 3

Israel

Answer 3

• Created in 1948 under UN auspices after a civil war in the British mandate territory of Palestine left the land divided between the Israelis and the Palestinians. Neighbors (including Egypt) had fought unsuccessfully to prevent a Jewish state from being formed.

Question 4

Covert action

Answer 4

• Eisenhower’s foreign policy. Undercover intervention in the internal politics of other nations (cheaper than military intervention).

Question 5

Iran (1953)

Answer 5

• the CIA helped overthrow the government that had tried to nationalize the holding of foreign oil companies. Reza Pahlavi returned as shah (monarch) and provided the West with favorable oil prices and made enormous purchases of American arms.

Question 6

Suez Crisis (1956)

Answer 6

• Egypt asked for the US to fund the Aswan Dam but was rejected due to the US alliance with Israel. Egypt turned towards the Soviet Union and received limited funds. Looking for another source of funding, Egypt seized the British/French owned Suez Canal. As a response, the two nations alongside Israel retook the canal through an attack. Eisenhower disliked being left out so he sponsored an UN resolution condemning the invasion of Egypt. This ultimately had the troops retreat.

Question 7

Suez Canal

Answer 7

• supplied Western Europe with Middle Eastern oil.

Question 8

Eisenhower Doctrine

Answer 8

• (1957)
• Pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism.
• First Used: (1958) sent 14,000 marines to Lebanon to prevent a civil war between Christians and Muslims

Question 9

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Answer 9

• (1960)
• Created by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran and Venezuela in order to expand their political power by coordinating their oil policies.

Question 10

Yom Kippur (October) War (1973)

Answer 10

During Jewish holy day, Syrians and Egyptians
launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to recover the lands lost in the Six-Day War. Nixon ordered U.S. nuclear forces on alert and airlifted arms to Israel which aided in an Israeli win.

Question 11

Oil Embargo

Answer 11

• As a result of the US helping Israel in the Yom Kippur War, other OPEC members placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel’s supporters. The embargo caused a worldwide oil shortage and spiked oil prices. Caused US blue-collar workers to lose their jobs because consumers switched from American-made cars to smaller, more fuel-efficient Japanese ones.

Question 12

Response to Oil Embargo

Answer 12

55-miles-per-hour speed limit - Congress passed to save gasoline
- Congress also approved construction of a controversial oil pipeline to tap American oil reserves in Alaska.

Question 13

Camp David Accords (1978)

Answer 13

• The Egyptian president, Anwar Sadat, made the first moves towards Middle Eastern peace by meeting with the Israeli Prime Minister, Menachem Begin, in Jerusalem (1977). Following this, US President Carter invited the two again to meet in Maryland and create the Camp David Accords which created a framework for a peace settlement. This ultimately created a treaty and ended the war between the two nations (1979).

Question 14

Peace Treaty (1979)

Answer 14

• Egypt became the first Arab nation to recognize the nation of Israel. In return, Israel withdrew its troops from the Sinai territory taken from Egypt in the Six-Day War of 1967. Was opposed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and most of the Arab world, but it was a step toward a negotiated peace in the Middle East.

Question 15

Oil Shortage

Answer 15

(1979) Islamic fundamentalists in Iran, led by the Ayatollah Khomeini, overthrew the US placed shah. Iranian oil exports ground to a halt, causing the second worldwide oil shortage.

Question 16

Hostage Crisis

Answer 16

• (1979)
• US allowed the shah into the country for medical treatment, Iranian militants seized the U.S. embassy in Teheran and held more than 50 American staff members as prisoners and hostages. April 1980, Carter approved a rescue mission, but the breakdown of the helicopters over the Iranian desert forced the United States to abort the mission.

Question 17

Peace Corps

Answer 17

• (1961)
• Kennedy created an organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries.

Question 18

Alliance for Progress

Answer 18

• (1961)
• Kennedy created the program that promoted land reform and economic development in Latin America.

Question 19

Interventionalists Doctrine

Answer 19

• Johnson’s policy toward Latin America became increasingly interventionist, culminating in the deployment of U.S. soldiers to the Dominican Republic to prevent another Communist takeover in the Caribbean. (similar to TR Big Stick policy)
• (1964) the administration backed a right-wing military coup in Brazil. When Panamanians rioted against U.S. control of the Panama Canal Zone, Johnson dealt firmly with the violence, although he later agreed to negotiations that eventually culminated in the return of the Canal Zone to Panama in 1999.

Question 20

Renegotiate Panama Canal Treaty of 1903

Answer 20

• (1978)
• gradually transfer operation and control of the Panama Canal from the United States to the Panamanians,

Question 21

Congo Civil War

Answer 21

• (1960)
• Belgium gave Congo independence. Fearing a Communist victory, the United States helped the United Nations quell the insurrection. Caused resentment among African nationalists

Question 22

Human Rights Diplomacy

Answer 22

• Carter’s foreign policy for human rights around the world. Carter and Young fought for human rights around the world, including the oppression of the Black majorities in South Africa and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) by all-White governments. In Latin America, human rights violations by the military governments of Argentina and Chile caused Carter to cut off U.S. aid to those countries.

Question 23

Andrew Young

Answer 23

• An African American, appointed by Carter to serve as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. Helped with Human Rights Diplomacy.

Question 24

Andrew Young

Answer 24

• An African American, appointed by Carter to serve as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. Helped with Human Rights Diplomacy.

Question 25

Limited Test Ban Treaty

Answer 25

• in response to stronium found in children’s teeth
• prohibited the testing of nuclear weapons in outer space, underwater or in the atmosphere.