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Physics > 8.2 Geometrical Optics > Flashcards

8.2 Geometrical Optics Flashcards

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1
Q

geometrical optics

A

describes the behaviour of light at the boundary of a medium

explains reflect and refraction and the application of mirrors and lenses

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2
Q

rectilinear propogation

A

the tendency light to travel in a straight line when travelling through a homogenous medium

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3
Q

reflection

A

the rebounding of incident light waves at the boundary of a medium

the light waves travel BACK through the first medium rather than absorving into the second medium

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4
Q

law of reflection

A

incident angle = reflected angle

both measured from the normal line (perp. to the boundary of the medium)

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5
Q

all angles in optics are measured from which reference line

A

the normal line (perpendicular to the medium boundary)

NOT from the surface of the medium

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6
Q

what type of images to plane mirrors form

A

virtual images

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7
Q

plane mirrors

A

flat reflective surface

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8
Q

virtual images

A

form BEHIND the mirror

image appears to be the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror

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9
Q

real image

A

form on the same side of the mirror as the actual object

always inverted

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10
Q

2 varieties of spherical mirrors

A

concave

convex

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11
Q

center of curvature

A

the center of the spherically shaped mirror IF it extended into a complete sphere

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12
Q

radius of curvature

A

the distance between the center of curvature and the mirror

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13
Q

concave mirror

A

the center of curvature is located in front of the mirror

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14
Q

convex mirror

A

The center of curvature is located behind the mirror

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15
Q

concave mirrors cause parallel incident light rays to:

A

converge

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16
Q

convex mirrors cause parallel incident light rays to:

A

diverge

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17
Q

focal point (F)

A

the point at which all parallel beams are “focussed” after reflection in the mirror

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18
Q

focal length (f)

A

the distance between the focal point (F) and the mirror

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19
Q

magnification (m)

A

a dimensionless value that is the ration of the image distance to the object distance

also gives the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object

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20
Q

if m < 0

A

the image is inverted (upside down)

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21
Q

if m > 0

A

the image is upright

22
Q

if |m| < 1

A

the image is reduced

23
Q

if |m| > 1

A

the image is enlarged

24
Q

if |m| = 1

A

the image is the same size as the object

25
Q

optics equation

A
26
Q

magnification equation

A
27
Q

refraction

A

the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another and changes speeds

28
Q

index of refraction for a given medium (equation)

A
29
Q

snell’s law

A
30
Q

critical angle

A

when the refracted angle equals 90 degrees

the refracted light ray passes along the interface between the 2 media and never escapes the medium

31
Q

how to calculate the critical angle

A

use snells law and let the second angle = 90
sin (90) = 1

32
Q

total internal reflection

A

a phenomenon in which all the light incident on a boundary is reflected back into the original material

Results when the incident angle is greater than the critical angle

33
Q

lenses vs mirrors

A

lenses REFRACT light
mirrors REFLECT light

34
Q

lenses have two surfaces that affect light path

A

First surface: the surface when light enters from the air into the glass lens/object

Second surface: the surface where light exits the glass lens back into the air

35
Q

converging lens

A

thicker at the center

used to see things up close

36
Q

diverging lens

A

thinner at the center

used to see things far away

37
Q

lensmaker’s equation

A

f = focal length
n = index of refraction of the lens material
R1 = radius of curvature of the first lens surface
R2 = radius of curvature of the second lens surface

38
Q

lens power (equation)

A
39
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

unable to see things close to the eye

40
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness

unable to see things far away

41
Q

multiple lens systems: lenses in contact

A

A series of lenses with negligible distances between them behave as a single lens

42
Q

multiple lens systems: lenses not in contact

A

The image of one lens becomes the object of another lens

the image of the LAST lens is considered the “image of the system”

43
Q

magnification for a system of lenses not in contact (equation)

A
44
Q

spherical aberration

A

an optical problem that occurs when all incoming light rays end up focusing at different points after passing through a spherical surface

results in an image with blurry edges

45
Q

speed if light in a VACUUM…

A

is constant for all wavelengths

46
Q

in mediums other than a vacuum…

A

different wavelengths travel at different speeds

47
Q

dispersion

A

when various wavelengths of light separate from each other

48
Q

what CHANGES when a wavelength enters a medium with a difference index of refraction?

A

the WAVELENGTH changes

49
Q

what DOES NOT CHANGE when a wavelength enters a medium with a difference index of refraction?

A

the FREQUENCY stays the same

50
Q

chromatic aberration

A

the failure of a spherical lens to focus all colors to the same point due to dispersion

Physics (30 decks)

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