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APE Unit 8 > 8.2 > Flashcards

8.2 Flashcards

1
Q

,The Soviet Union during and after the Civil War

A
  • the government was starting to step into national affairs and causing trouble …
    1. red terror and red army
    1. war communism
    1. government being able to demand food from peasants caused peasants to burn their crops and cause an famine
    1. industrial output decreased
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2
Q

War communism

A
  • the government nationalized transportation and industries
  • this caused industrial output to decrease because why do people want to work when they don’t even own it
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3
Q

The New Economic Policy

A
  • this was an modified version of old capitalist system
  • it was meant to be an TACTICAL decision because they realized communism was working BUT they are not giving up their communist dream. this is only TEMPORARY
  • new because: peasants could sell openly and shops could be privately owned
  • old because BIG industries were still owned by state
  • positives of NEP: agriculture went up and stopped famine
  • negatives of NEP: industry (state-owned) didn’t do as great
  • overall, NEP saved the soviet union from complete economic disaster
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4
Q

Politburo

A

-the leading organ of the party of communism

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5
Q

The Struggle for power

A
  • before lenin died, bruacy was starting to get power and spreading (more people in government) making leaders more powerful (STALIN!)
  • after lenin died, the people in the politburo were fighting for power
  • there were the left and the right
  • it was really a competition between trotsky and stalin
  • stalin proves to be ruthless
  • stalin uses his power as general secretary and gains control of communist party
  • trotsky was expelled from party and murdered
  • stalin eliminated the old bolsheviks from revolutionary era
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6
Q

Left party

A
  • rapid industrialization (at the expense of peasantry)
  • end NEP
  • continue the revolution and spread communism abroad
  • led by leon trotsky
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7
Q

right party

A
  • too rapid industrialization would worsen living standards of peasants
  • want to continue NEP
  • no revolution! instead construct socialist state
  • led by stalin
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8
Q

Leon Trotsky

A
  • led the lefts
  • helped during Bolshevik revolution and red army
  • was commissar of war
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9
Q

Stalin

A
  • was the party general secretary who appointed high positions
  • he put his supporters in high positions
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10
Q

The New Economic Policy

NEP

A
  • it emphasized production of CONSUMER GOODS
  • agricultural goods went up
  • industry (state-owned) didn’t do as great
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11
Q

Five Year plan

A
  • it ended the NEP
  • it created an socialists command economy where the government made all the economic decisions
  • it emphasized RAPID production of CAPITAL GOODS AND ARMAMENTS
  • heavy machinery, oil production, steel production, and coal production went up
  • COLLECTIVIZATION of agriculture
  • negative effects….
    1. there were a lot of people in the cities with more labour opportunities. but! there was no investment in housing, resulting in workers living in horrible conditions
    1. real wages declines
    1. workers lost their freedom of movement
    1. stalin DIDN’T HESITATE to starve his peasants
  • propaganda was the only thing that kept the peace
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12
Q

collectivization of agriculture

A
  • in order to have rapid industrialization, you need capital
  • you can get it through having surpluses
  • you can have surpluses by having collective farms instead of PRIVATELY OWNED FARMS
  • so they eliminated the KULAKS
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13
Q

kulaks

A

-wealthy farmers who owned farms

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14
Q

Stalinist Era

A
  • to achieve his GOALS , stalin strengthened the party BUREAUCRACY
  • he sent officials who resisted him to labor camps
  • he purged the old bolsheviks
  • he also PURGED citizens, army officers, officials, party members etc…..
  • he realized that the BIRTH RATE was declining so he…
    1. encouraged women to work outside the home
    1. encouraged women to have big families
    1. the family was praised
    1. no abortion
  • EDUCATION was seen as very important. without it, you couldn’t get as great as jobs or wages
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15
Q

Conservative Authoritarianism

A
  • was SIMILAR to totalitarianism because they had wide police powers
  • committed to the EXISTING social order
  • opposed to POPULAR PARTICIPATION in government (mass participation was limited)
  • was PASSIVE instead of active involvement
  • revived in eastern europe, spain, and portugal (basically eastern europe)
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16
Q

Totalitarianism

A
  • wanted to create an whole new society
  • wanted participation of the masses
  • active involvement
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17
Q

Eastern Europe after the war

A
  • overall, POLITICAL DEMOCRACY was working, but then authoritarian regimes came later
  • austria, poland, czechoslovakia, yugoslavia had parliamentary system
  • romania and bulgaria had parliamentary system
  • greece was as republic
  • hungary was an parliament
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18
Q

Why Eastern Europe became authoritarian

A
  • there was no tradition of liberalism or parliamentary politics and no substantial middle class to support them
  • much of the land was agrarian and controlled by landowners. these landowners feared peasants revolting
  • ethnic conflicts
  • communists also wanted land to be distributed
  • people looked to the authoritarian government to maintain the old system
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19
Q

Authoritarian governments in Eastern Europe

A
  • in the 1920s governments started to become authoritarian
  • in the 1930s, everyone (but czechoslovakia) was authoritarian
  • people were attracted to authoritarian examples of nazis and fascist italy
20
Q

Spain before the Spanish civil war

A
  • there were social tensions because of the industrial boom and inflation caused by WWI
  • this caused the king to create and dictatorship
  • the great depression then caused people to hate the monarch
  • the king then fled ann an republic was created (by democrats and socialists)
  • then the government moved from left to right causing turmoil
  • the popular front (democrats, socialists, communists and other lefts) took over the government
  • senior army officers didn’t like this and wanted an fascist state
  • they revolted. led by general francisco franco
  • this leads to civil war!
21
Q

General Francisco Franco

A
  • the popular front (democrats, socialists, communists and other lefts) took over the government
  • senior army officers didn’t like this and revolted. led by general francisco franco
22
Q

The Left during the Spanish civil war

A
  • republicans
  • they were in urban areas
  • wanted modernization, workers rights, expansion of manufacturing, civilian army, secularization
  • popular front (democrats, socialists, communists and other lefts)
23
Q

The Right during the Spanish civil war

A
  • nationalists
  • franco
  • wanted military coup, monarchy, military, agrarian economy, and catholic church
  • wanted FASCIST STATE
24
Q

Why spain and portugal became authoritarian

A

-they were agrarian , illiterate, and dominate by powerful landlords and catholic clergy

25
Q

Spanish Civil War

A
  • germany helped franco (provided weapons ….)
  • soviet union and america helped the republicans
  • all together, franco won
  • the war was brutal
  • hitler tested his new weapons at GUERNICA
26
Q

Picasso’s Guernica

A

-he created a painting of the bombing of guernica during the spanish civil war

27
Q

Franco REgime

A
  • it was fascist
  • he favored large landowners, business, and catholic church
  • spain was neutral during WWII
28
Q

Portugal

A
  • overthrown monarchy
  • republic was created
  • great depression cause inflation
  • inflation cause political instability
  • army officers took power
29
Q

Dance during the Roaring twenties

A
  • berlin was the entertainment center
  • there were dance crazes
  • josephine baker was the symbol of the flapper
30
Q

Flapper

A

-josephine baker was the symbol of the flapper

unconventional and lively women

31
Q

Jazz

A
  • originated with african american musicians

- improved and forceful rhythms

32
Q

Radio

A
  • it paved the way for an revolution in MASS COMMUNICATIONS
  • discovery of “wireless” radio waves
  • permanent broadcasting facilities were created
  • the mass production of radios
33
Q

Movies

A
  • it paved the way for a revolution in MASS COMMUNICATIONS
  • in the 1890s short movies were produced
  • before WWI, full length movies were created
  • people realized that cinema was an new form of entertainment for the masses
34
Q

Revolution in mass communications

A
  • there were larger audiences

- radio and cinema provided and immediate shared experience that the printed world couldn’t do

35
Q

Political purposes of radio

A
  • HITLER used radio
  • radio could be used to reach the masses
  • the nazi’s rpoduced cheap radios so that everyone could listen to the radio
  • there were also loudspeakers so everyone could listen
36
Q

Political purposes of the movies

A
  • joseph goebbels used movies to INFLUENCE the masses
  • triumph of the will
  • hitler and fascist italy used this
37
Q

Joseph Goebbels

A
  • propoganda minister of nazi germany
  • created triumph of will
  • used movies to INFLUENCE the masses
38
Q

Sports

A
  • more people started to attend football games
  • the world cup contest added to nationalistic rivalries
  • many stadiums started to be built
39
Q

Tourism

A
  • aircraft was used during WWI
  • civilian air travel –> regular international airmail service –> regular passenger service
  • trains, buses and cars let people go to beaches and resorts more affordable and popular
  • beaches became more popular (with people from all social classes)
  • france let workers have paid vacations
  • people in colonies went to spas
40
Q

Organized mass leisure in italy

A
  • the doplatorva
  • this allowed the government to provide recreational activities and SUPERVISE THEM
  • so they could put in rules and regulations
  • the government could guide these groups by the goals of the state
41
Q

Dopolatorva

A
  • national recreational agency in italy
  • -this allowed the government to provide recreational activities and SUPERVISE THEM
  • so they could put in rules and regulations
  • the government could guide these groups by the goals of the state
42
Q

Organized mass leisure in germany

A
  • kraft durch freude
  • the government controlled the free time of the working class
  • they provided leisure time activities
  • they provided popular inexpensive vacations (cruises and short trips)
43
Q

kraft durch freude

A
  • in germany
  • the government controlled the free time of the working class
  • they provided leisure time activities
  • they provided popular inexpensive vacations (cruises and short trips)
44
Q

Mass culture and mass leisure all together

A
  • it increased the all togetherness of national populations
  • it started with the creation of an national state and mass policies
  • local popular culture replaced by national and international culture
  • there were new forms of mass production and consumption that brought similar styles of clothing and fashion to all of europe
45
Q

How mass leisure came to be

A

shorter working hours (8 hours)

-people had more free time

APE Unit 8 (6 decks)

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