8.2 Flashcards
why occurs in anaerobic respiration?
glycolysis only
what occurs in aerobic respiration?
- glycolysis
- link reaction
- kerbs cycle
- oxidative phosphorylation
- this ends up producing around 34 more atp molecules
define oxidation
- the loss of electrons
- the gain of oxygen
- the loss of hydrogen
define reduction
- the gain of electrons
- the loss of oxygen
- the gain of hydrogen
what are the 6 structures found in the mitochondria?
- outer membrane
- inner membrane
- cristae
- intermembrane space
- matrix
- dna and 70s ribosomes
what is the function of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
- contains the electron transport chain and atp synthase for oxidative phosphorylation
what are cristae found in the mitochondria?
- folds of the inner membrane
- to increase the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation
what is the function of the intermembrane space in the mitochondria?
- the narrow space between the inner and the outer membrane
- which facilitates a rapid build up of H+ concentration gradient
where does the link reaction and kerbs cycle occur in the mitochondria?
- in the matrix
- which is the cytoplasm in the mitochondria
- which contains the enzymes required for the 2 processes
describe the process of glycolysis
- occurs in the cytoplasm
- occurs in aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- glucose phosphorylation to a 6c molecule using 2atp
- 6c phosphorylated molecule is unstable
- it undergoes lysis to form 2x 3c molecules
- each 3c molecule is oxidised to pyruvate
- NAD+ reduced to NADH by 2H
- produces net 2 atp
define phosphorylation
when phosphates are added to a molecule
what is the first step of cellular respiration?
glycolysis
what is NADH in glycolysis
- glycolysis stores energy in the form of electrons inside NADH
- it is a co-enzyme
- and it has the ability to transfer electrons
what are the 3c molecules called in the process of glycolysis?
pyruvate
is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?
- its anaerobic
- because it does not require any oxygen
what is the end product of the process of glycolysis?
- produces a net increase of 2 atp
- and stores 2 electrons in 2 NADH molecules
what is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —>6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP
how are the 2 pyruvate a transported into the mitochondria?
- by active transport
- into the matrix
what are the 2 pyruvates converted into in the matrix and what is produced afterwards?
- the pyruvates are oxidised
- the 2 pyruvates converts into 2 acetyl CoA
- releases CO2 and 2 NADH
what is another name for the krebs cycle?
the citric acid cycle
where is the link reaction occurred and what does it convert each pyruvate into?
- in the matrix
- converts each pyruvate into acetyl
before link reaction occurs, pyruvate must be transported from the cytoplasm to the matrix, what is the process that allows this to occur and what is required?
- active transport
- requires atp
describe the link reaction in 3 stages
- each pyruvate undergoes oxidation transferring on hydrogen to NAD+
- each is also decarboxylated producing 1 CO2
- the resulting 2 carbon molecule is named acetyl
- a total of 2 CO2, 2 NADH and 2 acetyl molecules are formed
how is acetyl CoA made form acetyl?
each of the 2 acetyl molecules combines with its own co-enzyme A to form acetyl CoA
what is the end product of the link reaction?
2 acetyl CoA molecules are present from a single molecule of glucose
where does the krebs cycle occur?
- occurs in the matrix
what is the function of the krebs cycle?
- converts each acetyl into a 6c molecule
- used for oxidation
what is the 1st step of the krebs cycle?
- each acetyl CoA combines with a 4c molecule
- to form a 6c molecule: which is the citric acid
- the 4c molecule is called oxaloacetate
what is the 2nd step of the krebs cycle after the 6c molecule is formed?
- 6c molecule gets oxidised
- transferring electrons and hydrogens to NAD+ forming NADH
- this oxidation reaction causes the release of CO2
- ending this step with a 5c molecule
what is the 3rd step to the kreb cycle after the first CO2 is released?
- the produced 5c molecule undergoes a similar oxidation process
- producing another NADH and a CO2
- ending this step with a 4c molecule
what is the 4th step of the krebs cycle after the 4c molecule is produced?
- the 4c molecule releases energy to turn the ADP to ATP
- another phosphate binds to ADP to form ATP
- this new 4c molecule gets oxidised even further
- transferring electrons and hydrogens to a different electron carrier (FAD)
- forming FADH2
what are the functions of FADH2 and NADH?
- they have the same function
- carrying electrons to the electron transport chain
what is the 5th step of the krebs cycle?
- the 4c molecule undergoes oxidation again
- forming even more NADH
- this process makes the starting molecule called, oxalacetate 4c
- hence the reason for the name krebs cycle
outline the stages of the link reaction
- occurs in the matrix
- occurs for aerobic respiration only
- prior to the link reaction, each pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm requiring 2 ATP in total
- pyruvates are decarboxylated to produce acetyl and CO2
- NAD+ is reduced to form NADH
- acetyl combines with the co-enzyme A to form acetyl CoA
- Acetyl CoA transports acetyl to the krebs cycle
what is the role of oxidative phosphorylation?
- making atp
- it oxidises NADH and FADH2
- to phosphorylation ADP to ATP
where does oxidative hodphorylation occur?
- the inner mitochondrial membrane
