1.1 Flashcards
list the 3 principles of cell theory
- cells are the smallest unit of life
- all living organisms are made up of cells
- all cells come from pre-existing cells
what are the 3 exceptions to the cell theory?
- skeletal muscle fiber cells
- aseptate fungi
- giant algae
why is the skeletal muscle fiber an exception to the cell theory?
- incredibly long
- multi-nucleated
why is the aseptate fungi an exception to the cell theory?
- they do not contain septum, which are cell walls
- therefore they are also multi-nucleated
why are giant algae an exception to the cell theory?
- it is an incredibly large single celled organism
- ranging from 0.5 - 10 cm in length
list the 4 types of stem cells
- totipotent
- pluripotent
- multipotent
- unipotent
define totipotent
embryonic stem cell type that can develop into any type of cell in the body
define pluripotent
embryonic stem cell that can develop into many types of cells in the body, not all tho
define multipotent
non-embryonic stem cells that can develop into several types of cells in the body
define unipotent
non-embryonic stem cells that can develop into only one type of cell in the body
define differentiation in the terms of stem cells
the ability for stem cells to develop and specialize into specific cell types
each cell type gives the tissues and organs capability that no individual cell can have, what is the name of the capabilities?
emergent properties
what is stargardt’s disease and what is the treatment for it?
- it is a disease that creates dysfunctional retinal cells
- causes blindness in kids
treatment - inject stem cells into the retinal
- helps restore vision
what is leukemia and what is the treatment for it?
- a white blood stem cell cancer
- resulting in an abnormally high number of white blood cells
treatment - dysfunctional wbc are all killed with chemotherapy
- white blood stem cells are then harvested form another adult’s bone marrow
- reintroduced to the patient
what are the 3 sources of stem cells?
- embryonic
- cord blood
- adult
where can embryonic stems cells be found and is it fully compatible with patients?
- contained within embryos
- usually pluripotent
- not fully compatible with patients
where can cord blood stems cells be found and is it fully compatible with patients?
- found in the umbilical cord blood
- multipotent
- fully compatible with patients
where can adult stems cells be found and is it fully compatible with patients?
- found in adults lol
- fully compatible with patients
- most adult cells are unipotent, with some being multipotent
what are some ethical issues of harvesting stem cells?
- needs appropriate consent
- embryonic stem cells harvesting takes away a potential life
- some argue that a single embryo is not alive and can be used to save many people’s lives
what is the mnemonic of the 7 functions of life?
MR G HERN
what are the 7 functions of life?
Metabolism
Response
Growth
Homeostasis
Excretion
Reproduction
Nutrition
list the 2 main features of a microscope
- magnification
- resolution
what’s the equation for magnification?
magnification = size of image/ size of specimen
what are the 3 types of microscope?
- light microscope
- TEM: transmission electron microscope
- SEM: scanning election microscope
what is a transmission electron microscope TEM?
- uses an electron beam to view small and thin slices of objects
- low wavelength beam
- resulting high resolution
what is a scanning election microscope SEM?
- uses an electron beam to view the surface of an object
- low wavelength beam
- high resolution
what are the 8 components of a light microscope?
- eye piece
- nose piece
- objective lens
- stage
- diaphragm
- condenser lens
- lamp
- focusing knob
