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Biology Higher Level > 1.1 > Flashcards

1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

list the 3 principles of cell theory

A
  1. cells are the smallest unit of life
  2. all living organisms are made up of cells
  3. all cells come from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

what are the 3 exceptions to the cell theory?

A
  1. skeletal muscle fiber cells
  2. aseptate fungi
  3. giant algae
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3
Q

why is the skeletal muscle fiber an exception to the cell theory?

A
  • incredibly long
  • multi-nucleated
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4
Q

why is the aseptate fungi an exception to the cell theory?

A
  • they do not contain septum, which are cell walls
  • therefore they are also multi-nucleated
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5
Q

why are giant algae an exception to the cell theory?

A
  • it is an incredibly large single celled organism
  • ranging from 0.5 - 10 cm in length
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6
Q

list the 4 types of stem cells

A
  1. totipotent
  2. pluripotent
  3. multipotent
  4. unipotent
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7
Q

define totipotent

A

embryonic stem cell type that can develop into any type of cell in the body

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8
Q

define pluripotent

A

embryonic stem cell that can develop into many types of cells in the body, not all tho

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9
Q

define multipotent

A

non-embryonic stem cells that can develop into several types of cells in the body

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10
Q

define unipotent

A

non-embryonic stem cells that can develop into only one type of cell in the body

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11
Q

define differentiation in the terms of stem cells

A

the ability for stem cells to develop and specialize into specific cell types

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12
Q

each cell type gives the tissues and organs capability that no individual cell can have, what is the name of the capabilities?

A

emergent properties

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13
Q

what is stargardt’s disease and what is the treatment for it?

A
  • it is a disease that creates dysfunctional retinal cells
  • causes blindness in kids
    treatment
  • inject stem cells into the retinal
  • helps restore vision
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14
Q

what is leukemia and what is the treatment for it?

A
  • a white blood stem cell cancer
  • resulting in an abnormally high number of white blood cells
    treatment
  • dysfunctional wbc are all killed with chemotherapy
  • white blood stem cells are then harvested form another adult’s bone marrow
  • reintroduced to the patient
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15
Q

what are the 3 sources of stem cells?

A
  1. embryonic
  2. cord blood
  3. adult
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16
Q

where can embryonic stems cells be found and is it fully compatible with patients?

A
  • contained within embryos
  • usually pluripotent
  • not fully compatible with patients
17
Q

where can cord blood stems cells be found and is it fully compatible with patients?

A
  • found in the umbilical cord blood
  • multipotent
  • fully compatible with patients
18
Q

where can adult stems cells be found and is it fully compatible with patients?

A
  • found in adults lol
  • fully compatible with patients
  • most adult cells are unipotent, with some being multipotent
19
Q

what are some ethical issues of harvesting stem cells?

A
  • needs appropriate consent
  • embryonic stem cells harvesting takes away a potential life
  • some argue that a single embryo is not alive and can be used to save many people’s lives
20
Q

what is the mnemonic of the 7 functions of life?

A

MR G HERN

21
Q

what are the 7 functions of life?

A

Metabolism
Response
Growth
Homeostasis
Excretion
Reproduction
Nutrition

22
Q

list the 2 main features of a microscope

A
  1. magnification
  2. resolution
23
Q

what’s the equation for magnification?

A

magnification = size of image/ size of specimen

24
Q

what are the 3 types of microscope?

A
  1. light microscope
  2. TEM: transmission electron microscope
  3. SEM: scanning election microscope
25
Q

what is a transmission electron microscope TEM?

A
  • uses an electron beam to view small and thin slices of objects
  • low wavelength beam
  • resulting high resolution
26
Q

what is a scanning election microscope SEM?

A
  • uses an electron beam to view the surface of an object
  • low wavelength beam
  • high resolution
27
Q

what are the 8 components of a light microscope?

A
  1. eye piece
  2. nose piece
  3. objective lens
  4. stage
  5. diaphragm
  6. condenser lens
  7. lamp
  8. focusing knob

Biology Higher Level (50 decks)

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