8.1 Human Population Dynamics Flashcards
what does CBR stand for?
Crude Birth Rate
where is CBR highest?
poorer countries
where is CBR lowest?
rich countries
how to calculate CBR?
(total number of births / total population) x 100
what does TFR stand for?
Total Fertility Rate
TFR definition
averge number of births per woman of child-bearing age
where is TFR generally the highest?
among the poorest countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa
(very few LEDCs have made transition from high TBR to low TBR9
what combination of factors does TFR depend on?
socio-cultural and economic
factors that affect fertility/birth rates: Level of education and material ambition
larger families:
- poor people + limited resources
- wealthy people (can afford)
smaller families:
- higher level of parental education
- middle income + high aspirations + limited resources (want to improve standard of living)
factors that affect fertility/birth rates: political factors and family planning
larger families:
- MEDCs: financial + social support for children to encourage a pro-natalist approach (eg. “Kindergeld” in Germany)
- negative population growth: more active/direct measures are being taken (eg. Singaporean government subsidizes up to 75 percent of assisted reproductive technology treatment costs for qualifying married couples)
smaller families:
- most governments in LEDCs introduced programes to lower birth rates. their effectiveness depends on:
-> a focus on general family planning rather than specifically birth control
-> investing sufficient finance in the schemes
-> working in consultation with the local people
factors that affect fertility/birth rates: economic prosperity
correlation not total BUT as GNP increases, birth rate decreases
larger families:
- economic prosperity
- longer materinity/paid maternity leave
smaller families:
- recesion/unemployment + increasing costs of raising children
- globally, higher economic development: UN and many NGOs believe reduction in high CBR can only be achieved by improving standard of living in those countries
-> better access to healthcare -> lower infant mortality (less women have babies ‘just in case’)
-> better education for girls (marry later, have kids later, more likely to use contraception, want smaller families)
-> more economic opportunites for women = more independence and less reliance on making babies for ‘value’
-> decrease in reliance on children for economic support
factors that affect fertility/birth rates: the need for children
- high infant mortality = more pressure on women to have babies
- agricultural societies: children needed to help on famrs, or security for parents in old age (now: less people engaged in farming or are not labourers not farm owners)
what does CDR stand for?
Crude Death Rate
CDR definition
number of deaths per thousand people in a population
why is CDR a poor indicator of morality trends?
populations with a large number of aged have a higher CDR than countries with more youthful populations
trend of CDR in MEDCs
because of better nutrition, healthcare and enviornmental conditions, CDR falls steadily to a level of about 9,000
trend of CDR in LEDCs
high death rates are still common BUT CDR has shown decreased due to improvements in food supply, water, sanitation, housing (trend has been reversed due to AIDS especially in sub-Sahran Africa)
factors that affect CDR: age structure
high CDR:
- high life expectancy (eg. populations in retirement homes and especially in older industrialised countries
low CDR:
- young populations
factors that affect CDR: social class
high CDR:
- poorer people in any population
- in some countries this is reflected in racial groups
-> South Africa: South Africa has a long history of racial segregation under apartheid in which black South Africans were systematically denied access to quality healthcare, housing, clean water, and education
factors that affect CDR: occupation
high CDR
- some are hazardous like military, mining, oil extraction
- some are linked with dieases like mining + respiratory diseases
factors that affect CDR: place of residence
high CDR
- urban areas (relative poverty and deprivation eg. inner cities and shanty towns) = overcrowding, pollution, high population densities, stress
- rural areas with widespread poverty and limited farming productivity
factors that affect CDR: child mortality and infant morality rates (IMR)
- CBR shows small fluctuations over time
- IMR = greater fluctuations over time > one of most sensitive indicators of development because:
-> high IMRs = poorest countries
-> low IMRs? = safe water supply & adequate sanitation, housing, healthcare, nutrition - causes of infant deaths are often preventable
what does NIR stand for?
Natural Increase Rate
how to calculate NIR (%)?
(CBR-CDR)/10
