1.5 Humans and Pollution Flashcards

1
Q

Define pollution.​

A

the addition of a substance or agent to an environment through human activity, at a rate greater than that at which it can be rendered harmless by the environment, and which has an appreciable effect on the organisms in the environment.

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2
Q

Distinguish between point and non-point source pollution.

A

point source: released from a single, identifiable source
non-point source: released from numerous, widely dispersed sources

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3
Q

Distinguish between persistent and biodegradable

A
  • persistent: cannot be broken down by living organisms and so are passed along the foodchain
  • biodegradable: not stored in biological matter or passed along food chains.
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4
Q

Distinguish between acute and chronic

A

acute: pollution that produces its effects through a short, intense exposure. symptoms are usually experienced within hours.

chronic: pollution that produces its effects through low level, long term exposure. disease symptoms develop up to several decades later.

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5
Q

Distinguish between primary and secondary pollutant

A

primary: active on emmission
secondary: formed by primary polluntants undergoing a physical or chemical change

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6
Q

what is DDT?

A

a synthetic pesticide that was used during the 1940s and 1950s to extensively control the lice that spread typhus and mosquitoes that spread malaria

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7
Q

Evaluate the effectiveness of Change the human activity that generates the pollutant in the first place (intervention)

A

PROs: - proactive becasue pollutant is not created in the first place
- reusing/recycling has reduced consumption of resources

CONs:
- alternative technologies are expensive to develop + may only work in certain enviornments i.e solar panels
- certain goods can only be recycled in certain conditions
- difficult to change behaviours

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8
Q

Evaluate the effectiveness of Minimize the amount of the pollutant released into the environment. (intervention)

A

PROS:
- more politically / socially acceptable than an outright ban

CONS:
- reactive
- tends to be expensive
- difficult to enforce and measure in unregulated parts of the economy (the informal sector)

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9
Q

Evaluate the effectiveness of Clean up the pollutant and the affected areas after the pollutant has been released (intervention)

A

PROS
- provides visible, short term results
- can help restore ecosystems and biodiversity

CONS
- labour intensive -> expensive (when people are involved)
- doesnt always reverse damage
- reactive
- sometimes scientifically impossible

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10
Q

advantages of DDT

A
  • cheap (good for developing countries)
  • helps fight against malaria, lupus (+ other insect caused diseases)
  • easy to use
  • useful for insect control in crop and lifestock production, homes and gardens (pesticides)
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11
Q

disadvantages of DDT

A
  • toxic (effect of DDT on birds of prey in thinning their eggshells and reducing population numbers) → severe decline in bald eagle numbers
  • persistent -> biomagnification (food chain) and bioaccumulation (organisms)
  • POP
  • some people exposed -> higher risk of cancer
  • farmers -> increased risk of astham and/or diabetes
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12
Q

how do political systems affect the choice of pollution management strategies?

A

weak regulation and lack of enforcement in LEDC’s; strong coorporate involvement and lobbying in policy decisions in MEDC’s

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13
Q

how do economic systems affect the choice of pollution management strategies?

A

pollution can be promoted if the environment is seen as a free resources; the cost of reducing or cleaning pollution would reduce the likelihoods of solving the pollution problem

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14
Q

define Persistent Organic Pollutant

A

organic compounds that are resistant to environmental breakdown through biological, chemical or photolytic (i.e. broken by light) processes.

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15
Q

measuring pollution indirectly

A

record changes in biotic and abiotic factors
- e.g. recording the presence or absence of indicator species like dragonflys

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16
Q

measuring pollution directly

A

record the amount of pollution in air, water, soil

e.g. the acidity in rainwater

17
Q
  1. altering human activites
A
  • campaigns
  • education
  • community groups
  • gov. legislation
  • economic incentives/disincentives
18
Q
  1. controlling the release of the pollutant
A
  • legislating and regulating standards of emission
  • developing / applying technologies for extracting pollutant from emissions
19
Q
  1. clean up and restoration of damaged systems
A
  • extracting and removing pollutant from ecosystem
  • replanting/restocking lost or depleted populations and communities
20
Q

define bioaccumulation

A

The build up of non biodegradable or slowly biodegradable chemicals in the body

21
Q

define biomagnification

A

the process whereby the concentration of a chemical increase at each trophic level

22
Q

different levels of pollution management

A
  1. altering human activity
  2. regulating and reducing quantities of pollutant released at the point of emission
  3. clean up and restoration