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Chemistry > 8.1-8.16 Fuel and Earth Science > Flashcards

8.1-8.16 Fuel and Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that contain hydrogen and Carbon ONLY

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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

.A complex mixture of hydrocarbons

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3
Q

In Hydrocarbons how are the molecules situated?

A

In chains or rings

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4
Q

Is crude oil infinite or finite?

A

Finite

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5
Q

How does turning crude oil into useful mixtures by fractional distillation work?

A

.Each hydrocarbon has a different boiling point
.The crude oil is heated in the fractionating column and the oil evaporates and condenses at a number of different temperatures
.The fractionating column works continuously
.Heated crude oil is piped in at the bottom, the vapours rise up the column and vapourised fractions are tapped off at different heights
.The fractions can be processed to produce fuels and feedstock

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6
Q

What are the gases used for?

A

Domestic heating and cooking

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7
Q

What is petrol used for?

A

Fuel for cars

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8
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

Fuel for aircraft

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9
Q

What is diesel oil used for?

A

Fuel for some cars and trains

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10
Q

What is fuel oil used for?

A

Fuel for large ships and in some power stations

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11
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

Surface roads and roofs

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12
Q

Give three ways the hydrocarbons in each fraction differ from eachother

A

.The number of hydrogen and carbon atoms they contain
.Different boiling points
.Ease of ignition differs
.Viscosity differs

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13
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of compounds that have similar properties

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14
Q

Give three similar properties a homologous series has

A

.Same general formula
.Similar physical properties
.Similar chemical properties

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15
Q

What is given out in the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels?

A

Energy

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16
Q

What is produced in the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

17
Q

Why can the incomplete production of hydrocarbons produce carbon and carbon monoxide?

A

.If there is not enough oxygen some of the fuel doesn’t burn (Partial combustion)-Solid particles of carbon (soot) is released
.Carbon monoxide is released when there isnt enough oxygen to produce CO2 instead

18
Q

Explain how carbon monoxide behaves as a toxic gas

A

.It is colourless and odourless gas which if inhaled binds to the haemoglobin preventing red blood cells from carrying oxygen around the body leading to death

19
Q

What are the two problems caused by incomplete combustion producing carbon monoxide and soot?

A

.Carbon monoxide causes health problems

.Soot causes global dimming

20
Q

How can impurities in hydrocarbons result in the production of sulfur dioxide?

A

.Most fuels like coal and carbon may also include some sulfur
.When the fuels are burnt in oxygen this can react and form sulfur dioxide

21
Q

Give two problems that are associated with acid rain when sulfur dioxide dissolves in rainwater

A

.Damages buildings and statues made of limewater
.Reduce the growth of or kill trees or crops
.Lower Ph of water in lakes killing fish

22
Q

What two elements react at high temperatures when fuels are burned in engines?

A

Nitrogen and Oxygen

23
Q

When burned in engines what do nitrogen and oxygen combine to make?

A

Nitrogen monoxide

24
Q

When nitrogen oxide is released from exhausts it combines with oxygen to form what?

A

Nitrogen dioxide

25
Q

Nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide are examples of what?

A

Pollutants

26
Q

Give an advantage of using hydrogen as fuel rather than petrol in cars

A

.Petrol is from crude oil which is a finite resource Hydrogen is infinite
.Only produces water- no CO2 produced which contributes to global warming

27
Q

Give a disadvantage of using hydrogen as a fuel instead of petrol

A

.Expensive
.Difficult to transport
.Dangerous-hydrogen can be explosive

28
Q

Where is Methane found in?

A

Natural gas

29
Q

Petrol, Kerosene and Diesel are all examples of what?

A

Non renewable fossil fuels obtained from crude oil

30
Q

What process can hydrocarbons undergo to produce smaller, more useful molecules?

A

Cracking

31
Q

What happens to the vapours in cracking?

A

.Passed over a hot catalyst

.Mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature so that thermal decomposition reactions can occur

32
Q

What do the products of cracking include?

A

.Alkanes

.Alkenes (Unsaturated hydrocarbons)

33
Q

Give two reasons why cracking is necessary

A

.Demand for smaller chain alkanes is much greater than longer chained alkanes
.Shorter chain hydrocarbons ignite more easily and so are more useful as fuels

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