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8-history > 8. The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 > Flashcards

8. The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 Flashcards

1
Q

Which political associations emerged in the 1870s and 1880s?

A

Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Indian Association, Madras Mahajan Sabha, Bombay Presidency Association, and Indian National Congress

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2
Q

What was the Vernacular Press Act of 1878 intended to do?

A

Silence those who were critical of the government by allowing confiscation of newspaper assets.

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3
Q

What was the Arms Act of 1878?

A

A law disallowing Indians from possessing arms.

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4
Q

Why did the Ilbert Bill of 1883 cause a furore?

A

It sought equality between British and Indian judges and allowed Indian judges to try British persons.

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5
Q

What did the withdrawal of the Ilbert Bill highlight?

A

The racial attitudes of the British towards Indians.

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6
Q

When was the Indian National Congress (INC) established?

A

1885

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7
Q

Who were some of the early leaders of the Indian National Congress?

A

b) Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania Iyer

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7
Q

Where was the first meeting of the Indian National Congress held?

A

Bombay

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8
Q

Which leader of the Indian National Congress was settled in London and served as a member of the British Parliament?

A

Dadabhai Naoroji

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9
Q

What were the main objectives of the Congress in its first twenty years?

A

Moderate reforms such as a greater voice for Indians in government and administration

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10
Q

What did the Congress demand regarding the Legislative Councils?

A

More representation, power, and the introduction of councils in provinces where they did not exist

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11
Q

How did the Congress attempt to raise public awareness about British rule?

A

By publishing newspapers, writing articles, and mobilising public opinion through speeches

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12
Q

What did the Congress demand regarding civil service examinations?

A

That they be held both in India and London

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13
Q

What was the Congress’s view on military expenditure under British rule?

A

It should be reduced to ease the economic burden on India

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14
Q

Which tax was a major concern for the Congress due to its impact on the common people?

A

Salt tax

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15
Q

What methods did the Moderate leaders of Congress primarily use to bring about reform?

A

Peaceful dialogue, petitions, and public mobilization

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16
Q

Who raised the slogan “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it”?

A

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

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16
Q

What did the Congress believe was the cause of food shortages in India?

A

British rule and exports of grains to Europe

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17
Q

In which year did Viceroy Curzon partition Bengal?

A

1905

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18
Q

What was the primary criticism of the Moderates by leaders like Tilak, Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai?

A

They followed a “politics of prayers” and were not assertive enough

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18
Q

What reason did the British give for the partition of Bengal?

A

Administrative convenience

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19
Q

What was the actual motivation behind the partition of Bengal according to Indian leaders?

A

b) To limit the influence of Bengali politicians and split the Bengali people

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20
Q

What movement arose as a response to the partition of Bengal?

A

Swadeshi Movement

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21
Q

What was the name of the Swadeshi Movement in Andhra?

A

Vandemataram Movement

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22
Q

What were the key objectives of the Swadeshi movement?

A

To encourage self-help, swadeshi enterprise, national education, and the use of Indian languages

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23
Q

What was the significance of the All India Muslim League, formed in 1906?

A

It supported the partition of Bengal and demanded separate electorates for Muslims

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24
Q

Why did the Congress split in 1907?

A

The Moderates opposed the use of boycott, fearing it involved force

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25
Q

What happened to the Congress after the split in 1907?

A

The Moderates controlled the Congress, while Tilak’s followers operated from outside

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26
Q

When did the Congress and the Muslim League sign the Lucknow Pact?

A

1916

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27
Q

What was the primary goal of the Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League?

A

To work together for a representative government in India

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28
Q

newspaper of bal gangadhar tilak

A

kerasi marthi newspaper

29
Q

Lala Lajpat Rai was a member of which samaj

A

arya samaj

30
Q

Why did certain business groups begin to support the Congress in the 1920s?

A

They wanted greater opportunities for development as Indian industries expanded during the First World War

31
Q

How did the First World War affect the economic situation in India?

A

It caused a huge rise in defence expenditure, leading to increased taxes and a sharp rise in prices

32
Q

What effect did the First World War have on Indian industries?

A

ndian industries expanded due to increased demand for industrial goods and a decline in imports from other countries

32
Q

What impact did returning soldiers have after the First World War?

A

They had a new understanding of how imperialist powers exploited Asia and Africa and desired to oppose colonial rule in India

33
Q

What global event in 1917 had a significant impact on Indian nationalists?

A

the Russian Revolution

34
Q

How did the Russian Revolution influence Indian nationalists?

A

It inspired Indian nationalists through news of peasants’ and workers’ struggles and ideas of socialism

34
Q

When did Mahatma Gandhi return to India from South Africa?

A

1915

35
Q

In which movement did Mahatma Gandhi lead indigo farmers in Bihar?

A

Champaran Movement

36
Q

Which prominent leaders did Gandhi come into contact with during his early movements in India?

A

Rajendra Prasad and Vallabhbhai Patel

37
Q

Which movement in 1918 involved Gandhi leading a successful strike by millworkers?

A

Ahmedabad Mill Strike

38
Q

What was Gandhi’s first nationwide movement against British rule in India?

A

Non-Cooperation Movement

39
Q

What year did the Rowlatt Satyagraha take place?

A

1919

40
Q

Why did Gandhi call off the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922?

A

The Chauri Chaura incident led to violence

41
Q

What fundamental right did the Rowlatt Act curb?

A

Freedom of expression

42
Q

What was one of the reasons Gandhi advocated for self-reliance during the Non-Cooperation Movement?

A

a) To boycott British goods
b) To strengthen the economy
c) To promote Indian industries

42
Q

What was the main reason for Gandhiji’s call for Satyagraha in 1919?

A

The Rowlatt Act

43
Q

What was the event that marked the repression of the Rowlatt Satyagraha?

A

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre

44
Q

What was the Khilafat issue in 1920 about?

A

A harsh treaty imposed on the Turkish Sultan or Khalifa

45
Q

Who were the leaders of the Khilafat agitation?

A

Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali

46
Q

What actions were taken during the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921–22?

A

Boycotting government schools, colleges, courts, legislatures, and foreign goods

46
Q

What was the significance of the Rowlatt Satyagraha launched by Gandhiji in 1919?

A

It was the first all-India struggle against British rule

47
Q

In which region did peasants and tribals replace the name “Krishna” with “Gandhi Raja” in their Vaishnava songs during the Non-Cooperation Movement?

A

Assam

48
Q

Q1. Why did Mahatma Gandhi call off the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922?

A

Because of the violent incident at Chauri Chaura where 22 policemen were killed

49
Q

Which resolution was passed by the Congress in 1929 under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru?

A

Purna Swaraj (complete independence)

49
Q

When was Independence Day observed for the first time in India?

A

26 January 1930

50
Q

hich organization was founded by Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, and others in 1928?

A

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)

51
Q

Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were executed in 1931 for their involvement in:

A

Assassinating police officer Saunders

52
Q

Two significant political developments in the mid-1920s were the formation of:

A

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Communist Party of India (CPI)

53
Q

What was the main reason for the widespread boycott of the Simon Commission by Indians in 1927?

A

It did not include any Indian representative

54
Q

The Simon Commission was sent to India by the British government to:

A

Decide India’s political future

55
Q

Which of the following leaders played a significant role in leading protests against the Simon Commission?

A

Lala Lajpat Rai

56
Q

In response to the Simon Commission, which of the following major political events took place?

A

The drafting of the Nehru Report in 1928

57
Q

Why did Mahatma Gandhi choose salt as the central issue of the Civil Disobedience Movement?

A

Salt was an essential item for everyone, rich and poor alike

58
Q

What was the result of the combined struggles, including the Salt March, on India’s political status?

A

The Government of India Act of 1935, which granted provincial autonomy

59
Q

Why did Congress ministries resign in 1939 after two years of rule in the provinces?

A

The British refused to promise independence after World War II

60
Q

Which of the following women was a key figure in persuading Mahatma Gandhi to allow women to participate in the Salt Satyagraha?

A

Sarojini Naidu

61
Q

Why was the participation of women in the Indian national movement significant according to both British officials and Indian nationalists?

A

Women’s participation gave the national struggle immense force

62
Q

Who initially opposed women’s participation in the Salt Satyagraha before being persuaded to allow it?

A

mahatma gandhi

63
Q

Subhas Chandra Bose, a radical nationalist, did not share Gandhiji’s ideal of ahimsa. What was his view on Gandhiji?

A

Respected Gandhiji as the “Father of the Nation”

64
Q

Where did Subhas Chandra Bose raise the Azad Hind Fauj, also known as the Indian National Army (INA)?

A

Singapore

65
Q

The Indian National Army (INA) led by Subhas Chandra Bose tried to enter India in 1944. Which two places did they attempt to enter through?

A

Imphal and Kohima

66
Q

How did the provincial elections of 1937 influence the Muslim League’s perception of Muslims as a minority?

A

The election results convinced the League that Muslims would have to play second fiddle in any democratic structure.

66
Q

Where was Azad born, and what was notable about his heritage?

A

Born in Mecca to a Bengali father and an Arab mother

67
Q

What was C. Rajagopalachari, popularly known as Rajaji, known for in the Indian freedom movement?

A

Leader of the Salt Satyagraha in the south and first Indian Governor-General

68
Q

What was the significance of 16 August 1946, or “Direct Action Day”?

A

It led to riots in Calcutta, resulting in the death of thousands of people.

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