8. Systems And Processes Flashcards
A — is a way of doing things
Process
A — is a set of components that need to operate together to perform a particular function.
System
List nine different things that may be inputs or outputs of a transformational system.
Physical materials
Energy
The environment
Labour
Skills
Personal appearance
Health and well being
Capital
Knowledge and information
List the six types of transformation process
Physical Locational Physiological Psychological Presentational Informational
List five dimensions that may be used to differentiate between manufacturing systems
Volume of output Nature of processes Type of output Degree of differentiation between products Physical layout
List the four types of physical layout of manufacturing systems
Production lines
Production cells
Functional production
Concentric production
Production lines are used for…
Simple, repetitive tasks
— — allow for high volumes of undifferentiated output.
Production lines
Production cells are required where…
Processes more complex
Greater skill required
— — may operate like a series of related production lines
Production cells
With a — — layout, some degree of differentiation is possible
Production cell
A functional production layout occurs where…
Processes are distinct
Processes need to be kept separate
With a — — layout, greater individuality of batches is possible, according to customer specifications.
Functional production
Concentric production is required for…
Highly differentiated products, especially large items
In — —, the manufacturing processes are arranged around the product.
Concentric production
List five dimensions that may be used to analyse operations
Capacity Control Standards Scheduling Materials
Which of the five dimensions of manufacturing operations is limited by the scarcest resource?
Capacity
— is the maximum possible output of a production process
Capacity
— can be calculated from observation and historical performance to show how much time, material, labour and other resource is needed to complete particular items.
Standards
As far as the five dimensions of operations are concerned, — refers to both raw material inputs and the output of finished and semi-finished goods
Materials
With regards to the five dimensions of operations, — is required to ensure components like materials, labour and equipment are in the right place at the right time.
Scheduling
With regards to the five dimensions of operations, — relies on planning and monitoring in order to correct problems as they arise.
Control
— production demands precision in delivering the right product to the customer efficiently with the minimum of waste
Lean
What are the seven areas of waste identified by the lean production model?
Inventory Motion Queuing Transportation Overproduction Over-processing Defects
According to the lean production model, how does inventory cause waste?
It represents money tied up that could be better deployed elsewhere
According to the lean production model, how does motion cause waste?
Unnecessary movement of goods, equipment and people wastes time.
List two other types of system other than the manufacturing system.
Financial system
Management information system
What six benefits of target-setting can be achieved by budgeting in the financial system?
Motivation Coordination Improving performance Monitoring performance Rewarding people Controlling operations
With regard to organisational systems, what does MIS stand for?
Management Information Systems
List the five core uses of information systems identified by Markus
Operational Monitoring Decision Support Knowledge Communication
To what eight kinds of activities can technology be applied?
Production Maintenance Modelling Processing Analysis Storage Monitoring Design
List the three commonly distinguished types of technology.
Core technology
High technology
Service technology
— technology is technology used for the transformation process itself
Core
— technology is a loose term referring to computer-based technology
High
— technology is technology associated with the delivery of internal and external services
Service
List six dimensions that can be used to analyse and describe technology.
Technical complexity Routine nature of tasks Standardisation of inputs and outputs Standardisation of processes Task variability Task analysability
List the three distinctions of technical complexity identified by Woodward
Unit and small batch production
Large batch/mass production
Continuous flow production
According to Woodward, to what kind of organisational structure is unit and small batch production most appropriate?
Smaller spans of control
Fewer levels of hierarchy
Decentralised structure
According to Woodward, to what kind of organisational structure is large batch/mass production most effective?
Larger spans of control
Centralised structure
According to Woodward, to what kind of organisational structure is continuous flow production most appropriate?
An organic structure (smaller spans, fewer levels)
What four categories of technology, based on task variability and task analysability, were identified by Perrow?
Routine
Craft
Engineering
Non-routine
According to Perrow, — technology is characterised by low variability and high analysability.
Routine
According to Perrow, — technology is characterised by low variability and low analysability.
Craft
According to Perrow, — technology is characterised by high variability and high analysability.
Engineering
According to Perrow, — technology is characterised by high variability and low analysability.
Non-routine
