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2) Psychology > 8) Stress > Flashcards

8) Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

What is free recall?

A
  • Question produces an answer

- Ex: what words do you remember from this list?

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2
Q

What is serial recall?

A
  • Remembering things in a particular order

- Ex: 12 days of Christmas

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3
Q

What is paired association recall?

A
  • Learn pairs of words

- Ex: shoe-pencil - given one word, recall the paired item

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4
Q

What is recognition?

A

Basis of multiple choice

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5
Q

What is the role of culture in memory?

A

We remember things better from our own culture

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6
Q

What is the role of hypnosis in memory?

A
  • Provides some support

- If you reduce stress, it reduces memory block

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7
Q

What is the role of food in memory?

A
  • Promotes healthy brain neurons (maintains neurotransmitters)
  • Good: folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12
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8
Q

What is stress?

A
  • Imbalance between perceived demons and the ability to meet those demons
  • Perception: you have to know you’re stressed
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9
Q

Differentiate anxiety and stress.

A
  • Stress has a defined source (stressor)

- Anxiety is more general

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10
Q

What is primary appraisal?

A
  • Perceive and evaluate the situation

- Either it is harmless, or threatening

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11
Q

What is secondary appraisal?

A
  • Can I cope? Not sure –> stress
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12
Q

What kind of stress is necessary for living?

A

Eustress

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13
Q

Who developed the three stage model for general adaptation syndrome?

A

Hans Selye (UdeM)

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14
Q

What is the first stage of general adaptation syndrome?

A
  • Alarm stage
  • Sudden
  • Prepare to meet the stressor: increases HR and BP
  • Body has an IMMEDIATE response called fight or flight
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15
Q

What is the second stage of general adaptation syndrome?

A
  • Resistance stage
  • Body tries to adapt and return to normal (restore energy)
  • Arousal is still high, but lower than in the alarm stage
  • There is a prolonged physical arousal: adrenals react, which release powerful control hormones
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16
Q

What is the third stage of general adaptation syndrome?

A
  • Exhaustion stage

- Over-reaction by the parasympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

In which stage of general adaptation syndrome does fight or flight occur?

A

Alarm stage

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18
Q

Which stage of general adaptation syndrome is fairly long?

A

Resistance stage

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19
Q

In the _______ stage, there is an over-reaction by the __________ nervous system

A

exhaustion

parasympathetic

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20
Q

Differentiate the stress-related behaviour of men and women.

A
  • Women: nurturing, care-giving, attachment-oriented

- Men: aggressive, alone, testosterone-driven

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21
Q

What are life-change units?

A
  • Change (good or bad) is stressful

- Units are given according to the severity of change over a specified period

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22
Q

Differentiate frustration and conflict.

A
  • Frustration: goals blocked causes negative emotions

- Conflict: two or more conflicting goals

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23
Q

What is the old view of frustration?

A

Frustration leads to aggression

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24
Q

What is the new view of frustration?

A

Frustration leads to stress, which leads to EITHER aggressive or non-aggressive behaviours (quitting)

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25
Q

What is approach-approach?

A
  • You can’t make up your mind, can be very stressful

- A conflict arising from having to choose between equally desirable alternatives.

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26
Q

What is avoidance-avoidance?

A

A conflict arising from having to choose between undesirable alternatives.

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27
Q

What is approach-avoidance?

A
  • A conflict arising when the same choice has both desirable and undesirable features.
  • Simultaneously drawn to and repelled by a choice
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28
Q

“Wanting to take a wonderful vacation but having to empty a savings account to do so” is an example of what?

A

Approach-avoidance behaviour

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29
Q

What is PTSD?

A
  • Exposure to trauma: flood, accident, cancer, war

- Can show up immediately or after a delay

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30
Q

What are the symptoms of PTSD?

A
  • Intrusive thoughts
  • Flashbacks
  • Sleep issues
  • Emotional flatness
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31
Q

What is emotional flatness? What is it most often characterized by?

A
  • Problems with relationships and sex

- Most often characterized by a delay

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32
Q

Why do only some people exhibit PTSD and others don’t?

A

Role of childhood and sensitivity to stress

33
Q

What are the effects of Type A behaviour?

A

Health issues (heart damage- high cortisol)

34
Q

Why do Type A individuals end up with heart damage?

A

High cortisol

35
Q

What are Type C individuals?

A

Like Type A, but live healthy, normal lives

36
Q

What are the four factors that influence our perception of stress?

A
  • Familiarity
  • Imminence
  • Perceived control
  • Predictability
37
Q

What is perceived control?

A

Knowing that there is something you can do about it (ex: studying for an exam)

38
Q

What is acculturative stress faced by? Why?

A
  • Immigrants

- Demands of new culture, while preserving old culture

39
Q

What is the first physiological response to stress?

A
  • Cognition of stressor

- Frontal cortex recognizes the threat

40
Q

What happens once the frontal cortex recognizes a threat?

A

Hypothalamus releases CRH

41
Q

What are the two main pathways activated due to CRH?

A

1) Sympathetic nervous system (fast)

2) Endocrine system (slow)

42
Q

What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?

A
  • Stimulation of adrenal medulla

- Adrenaline released (increased H.R., blood flow, alertness)

43
Q

What happens when the endocrine system is activated due to stress?

A
  • Pituitary gland secretes ACTH into the blood
  • Activates the adrenal cortex
  • Releases stored energy (liver glucose)
  • Releases cortisol
44
Q

How are the levels of cortisol during fight-or-flight? How are they in chronic stress?

A
  • Fight-or-flight: normal

- Chronic stress: high

45
Q

What is prolonged levels of cortisol related to?

A
  • LDL

- Abdominal fat, stroke

46
Q

Why does stress make us more susceptible to sickness?

A

Affects our white blood count

47
Q

How does stress affect cognitive functioning?

A
  • Can’t think straight

- Poor decision making

48
Q

What behaviours can stress affect?

A
  • Cognitive functioning
  • Aggression
  • Withdrawal
  • Shock and disorientation
  • Indulging
  • Environmental stressors
  • Electronic stressors
49
Q

What is burnout?

A
  • NOT depression
  • Often work-related
  • NO energy (exhaustion)
  • Apathy
  • Feeling externalized (feeling like there is no control)
50
Q

Where is burnout mostly present?

A

In large corporations

51
Q

What is the interaction effect?

A

Job and home life aren’t going well

52
Q

What does compassion fatigue affect?

A
  • First responders
  • Nurses
  • Social workers
  • Air-traffic controllers
53
Q

What is burnout most noticed by?

A

Performance

54
Q

How can you cope with stress physiologically?

A

Eat well and sleep well

55
Q

What is problem-centered coping?

A
  • Focus on what’s wrong

- Don’t beat around the bush

56
Q

What is emotional-focused coping?

A

Gain control of your emotions

57
Q

What is cognitive reappraisal?

A

If stress is a perception, change your perception

58
Q

Who is behind the ABC model for coping?

A

Albert Ellis

59
Q

What is the ABC model?

A
  • Activating event
  • Beliefs
  • Consequences
60
Q

Does an activating event cause a consequence?

A

NO, a belief causes a consequence

61
Q

What is repression?

A
  • Putting the memory where you can’t find it (forget it exists)
  • Unwanted ideas (motivated by the unconscious) to prevent disturbing thoughts
62
Q

What motivates repression?

A

Motivated by the unconscious to prevent disturbing thoughts from reaching conscious level

63
Q

What unlocks repressed thoughts?

A

Psychoanalysis

64
Q

What is suppression?

A

Avoided consciously

65
Q

What is regression?

A
  • Returning to the ego at an earlier development

- Ex: face lift, fetal position

66
Q

What is displacement?

A
  • Replaces threatening impulses with something safer

- Ex: want to punch the referee, but breaks a stick instead (safe target)

67
Q

What is the reaction formation?

A
  • Behaves opposite to ones real desires

- Ex: John is homosexual –> acts homophobic

68
Q

What is denial?

A
  • Refuse to consciously acknowledge a threat

- Ex: athlete isn’t as good as he used to be, refuses to believe

69
Q

What is rationalization?

A
  • Logical reasons to explain unacceptable behaviour

- Ex: “She wasn’t that pretty anyways”

70
Q

What is sublimation?

A
  • Unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits

- Ex: drug dealer becomes a motivational speaker against drugs

71
Q

What is projection?

A
  • Attributes own unacceptable impulses to another

- Ex: “everybody is lazy”

72
Q

What is compensation?

A
  • Problem in one area, overgratify in another

- Ex: small man, big car

73
Q

What is identification?

A

If not successful, identify with a successful person or group

74
Q

Who is behind rational emotive therapy?

A

Albert Ellis

75
Q

What was Sigmund Freud’s view on defense mechanisms?

A

Stress threatens us, so we protect ourselves from the psychological “pain”

76
Q

Most of our defense mechanisms are ____________

A

unconscious

77
Q

What is hardiness?

A
  • Traits that may buffer stress

- People can undergo high levels of stress, but remain healthy

78
Q

What are the three Cs? Who’s behind it?

A
  • Kobasa explained how to become hardy
    1) Commitment: work and personal life
    2) Challenge (not threat)
    3) Control (internal)
79
Q

What are hassles?

A
  • Small stuff that adds up (additive model)
  • Irritating demands (miss bus, card expires)
  • Can be detrimental to health
  • May cause more stress than major life changes

2) Psychology (8 decks)

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