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2) Psychology > 4) Neurobiology and Behaviour > Flashcards

4) Neurobiology and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

What are endorphins used for?

A

Pain relief

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2
Q

What does damage to the frontal association area lead to?

A
  • Leads to changes in personality
  • Responsible for civility (being polite)
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3
Q

What are the functions of myelin sheaths?

A
  • Acts as a catalyst and short circuit
  • Insulin and speed of transmission
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4
Q

What is Cuarare? Which neurotransmitter does it affect?

A
  • Acetylcholine - Indigenous drug that is poison; used to kill animals - Produce heart failure
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5
Q

How has the brain evolved to become more intelligent?

A

It has increased its folds (surface area) through time

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6
Q

How does the top of the brain differentiate from the bottom?

A
  • Top: action
  • Bottom: thinking
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7
Q

Which lobe contains the somato-sensory cortex?

A

Parietal lobes

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8
Q

What are the functions of testosterone?

A

Sperm count, sexual maturity, and prenatal sexual differentiation

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9
Q

Where is glutamate active in the brain?

A

In higher brain centers: learning, thought, emotion “hard to sleep”

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10
Q

What does alcohol affect?

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

Which neurotransmitter is affected by addiction?

A

Dopamine

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12
Q

What does the release of GABA promote? Which substances provide GABA release?

A
  • Calming effect - Tranquilizers - Alcohol
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13
Q

What is the function of the Wernicke area?

A
  • Comprehension for spoken and written words
  • Unscrambles sounds into recognizable words
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14
Q

What are the 3 primary roles of Acetylcholine?

A
  • Links motor neurons and voluntary muscles (walking, talking) - Important for the Krebs cycle - Involved in memory (old and new)
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15
Q

Which lobes are the eyes connected to?

A
  • Connected to both the right and the left lobe
  • Each eye has two visual fields
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16
Q

Which area in the brain expands when you’re blind? Why?

A
  • The somato-sensory cortex
  • The cortex adapts to needs: finger touch is bigger (brail)
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17
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system (collectively)?

A
  • Emotion
  • Memory (hippocampus)
  • Motivation
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18
Q

What are agonists?

A
  • Enhance and improve the action of neurotransmitters - Increases the availability of neurotransmitters by blocking the reuptake
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19
Q

What happens when an impulse reaches the end of an axon?

A

Tiny sacs are ruptured and neurotransmitters are released

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20
Q

Why does the brain have distinct regions?

A

Specialized for survival

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21
Q

What happens if the right hemisphere is damaged?

A

Loses the ability to understand jokes and sarcasm

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22
Q

If an individual has problem with his/her amygdala, what are possible symptoms?

A
  • Problems with facial recognition of emotion
  • Trouble recognizing tone of voice
  • Docile behaviour
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23
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters are released in the synaptic gap?

A
  • They float in the synaptic gap - Bind to the dendrite of the receiving neuron
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24
Q

What does “all-or-none” mean in terms of neurons?

A
  • Either fires or doesn’t
  • Some pulses say fire, some say don’t fire
  • The nucleus makes a decision from the summation of the information coming in
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25
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A
  • Brain - Spinal cord
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26
Q

What are the functions of the right hemisphere?

A
  • Non-verbal, puts words in context (Tail and Tale - words that sound the same but have different meanings)
  • Facial recognition, art, music, puzzles
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27
Q

What are the functions of the pons?

A
  • Relays messages for movement
  • Sleep cycles
    • Circadian rhythm (24 hours)
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28
Q

What does the binding of a neurotransmitter cause?

A

New impulse; may fire or inhibit

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29
Q

What is dopamine responsible for? (2)

A
  • Movement - Emotional arousal
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30
Q

What does PMS affect?

A

Affects serotonin levels: may lead to anxiety, depression and fluid retention

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31
Q

What does serotonin do in the brain?

A
  • Inhibitory transmitter - Relax, sleep
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32
Q

What are the three types of studies to detect hereditary influences?

A
  • Family Studies
  • Twin studies
  • Adoption studies
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33
Q

What is an outgoing signal (efferent)?

A

From our brain to our muscles

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34
Q

Which gland produces growth hormone?

A

Pituitary gland

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35
Q

What is the resting potential of a neuron at rest?

A

Slight negative charge

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36
Q

Which neurotransmitter is also a hormone?

A

Norepinephrine

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37
Q

What are the three basic parts of the neuron?

A

1) Dendrites
2) Cell body (or soma)
3) Axon

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38
Q

Give examples of antagonists.

A

Painkillers, anti-psychotic drugs

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39
Q

What happens if the thyroid releases too little thyroxin? What happens if the thyroid releases too much thyroxin?

A
  • Too much thyroxine: hyper, nervous, thin
  • Too little thyroxine: sluggish, overweight
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40
Q

Which neurotransmitter plays a role in post-partum depression? How?

A
  • Endorphins - The body adjusts and releases a lot of endorphins - After 48 hours, you have an endorphin withdrawal (depressed)
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41
Q

Which neurotransmitter can cause Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Deterioration of acetylcholine neurons

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42
Q

Where is the forebrain situated in terms of the cortex?

A

Sub-Cortical (below cortex)

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43
Q

What are family studies?

A
  • Examines blood-relatives
  • Look at who shares genes
  • Ex: siblings have a more similar genetic makeup than cousins
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44
Q

What part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters?

A

Axon terminal

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45
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A
  • Control of our VOLUNTARY movements
  • Eyes, hands, muscle contraction
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46
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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47
Q

Is caffeine an agonist or antagonist? How?

A
  • Agonist - It increases the availability of glutamate, which makes you active and awake - It mimics the action of the drug artificially - It isn’t the caffeine that makes you awake, it’s what the caffeine does to your brain chemistry
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48
Q

Which neurotransmitter does LSD affect?

A
  • Decreasees action of serotonin - Inhibits the inhibitor - Hallucinations
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49
Q

What is the absolute refractory period? How long does it last?

A
  • 1-2 miliseconds
  • No firing
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50
Q

What % of neurons release glutamate?

A

40%

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51
Q

If ________ is affected, we might not be able to move properly.

A

Acetylcholine

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52
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

All parts of our nervous system except for the brain and spinal cord

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53
Q

What is psychosis?

A

A lack of reality

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54
Q

What are some advantages of being left-handed?

A
  • Tend to do better at mathematics
  • Post-stroke language recovery
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55
Q

What are twin studies? What results show heredity?

A
  • Compare identical twins (M2) and fraternal twins (D2), which controls for environment
  • If M2 shows greater similarity on a trait than D2: heredity
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56
Q

What is the structure of the thalamus? What are its functions?

A
  • Two egg-shaped structures above the brainstem
  • Relay center for messages on the way to the cerebral cortex
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57
Q

What are the functions of glial cells?

A

Support services, nutrition, removes waste, helps the production of myelin sheath

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58
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A
  • Series of glands that manufactures and releases hormones
  • Released in one part of the body, and affects something else
  • Carried by the bloodstream to reach the target
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59
Q

What are endorphins triggered by?

A

Drugs like opium, heroin, and morphine

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60
Q

Which neurotransmitter does an orgasm affect?

A

An orgasm is a dopamine rush

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61
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Just above the kidneys

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62
Q

Females have thicker ________________

A

corpus callosums

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63
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Almost the exact opposite effect of the SNS
  • Relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high energy functions
  • Resting Heart Rate is returned to homeostasis: 60bpm
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64
Q

Differentiate sensory and motor neurons.

A
  • Sensory neurons: incoming messages by our body receptors
  • Motor neurons: outgoing from the brain
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65
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

A

In the back of the brain

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66
Q

What happens if you damage the hippocampus?

A

You can’t form new memories

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67
Q

What is a CT scan? What is its function?

A
  • Rotating X-Ray
  • Cross-sectional view of the brain
  • Common in concussions, and head injuries
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68
Q

What can “highjack” the frontal cortex?

A

The amygdala

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69
Q

Deficient levels of which neurotransmitter are linked to mood disorders?

A

Serotonin

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70
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

1) Incoming signal changes the ions balance
* Positive ions rush in (K+ and Na+)
2) Causes depolarization (inside is less negative than outside)
* Negative ions (Cl-) are forced out
3) Ionic change leads to an impulse
* This is called the action potential: “The spark”
4) Once passed, the original balanced is restored; ready for the next impusle
* Repolarization

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71
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Prepares the body for intense physical activity
  • Raises heart rate: fight or flight syndrome
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72
Q

Which test can be used to see the brain in action?

A

Functional MRI (f/MRI)

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73
Q

How does each side of the brain see this?

D

D

D

D

D

D
D

D D D D D D D

A
  • Left-side: a bunch of D”s
  • Right-side: the letter L
  • Both work together
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74
Q

What does too much dopamine cause?

A
  • Schizophrenic behavior - Psychosis
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75
Q

What is the major function of the pituitary gland?

A
  • “Master gland” since it bosses around
  • Releases hormones that activates other glands
76
Q

What is “split brain”?

A
  • When the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres is damaged to some extent
  • You functionally have “two” brains: right side and left side are NOT integrated anymore
77
Q

What is the function of the dendrite?

A

Receives signals from other neurons

78
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

At the base of the brain

79
Q

How would the SNS and PNS react to a stressor?

A
  • Stressor raises the heart rate through SNS
  • PNS returns it to normal afterwards
80
Q

All senses pass through the _____________ except ________. Why?

A
  • thalamus, smell
  • Survival mechanism: smell first before eating (oldest sense)
81
Q

What hormone does the pancreas secrete? What happens when there are low levels?

A
  • Hormone: insulin; needed to extract glucose from the blood
  • Low insulin: diabetes, cannot breakdown blood sugar
82
Q

A group of boys and a group of girls are asked to think of something sad. Who generates a greater response? Where?

A
  • Girls generate a greater response
  • Greater activity in the limbic system
83
Q

Which structure of the brain separates us from other animals?

A

The cerebrum

84
Q

Which hormone is associated with “fight or flight” syndrome?

A

Norepinephrine

85
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala?

A
  • The brain’s alarm system
    • The key to emotions; especially fear
  • Emotional reactions are faster than conscious ones
    • Fast, BUT sloppy
86
Q

What does Prozac target?

A
  • Targets serotonin neurons - Calms the indvidual
87
Q

What are the functions of the medulla?

A
  • Basic survival functions:
  • Heart-rate
  • Breathing
  • Swallowing
  • Orgasm
88
Q

What composes 50% of the brain?

A

Glial cells

89
Q

Which section of the brain explains why children have lower attention spans than adults?

A
  • The Reticular Activating System
  • Filters out low level messages to avoid overload
  • Not matured until adolescence
90
Q

Differentiate dominant and mixed laterality.

A
  • Dominant: individual uses right-side for everything
  • Mixed: individual uses right-hand but left-foot
91
Q

What does norepinephrine cause in terms of mood?

A

Excitatory, arousal and mood

92
Q

Which neurotransmitter does ecstacy affect?

A
  • Increases serotonin - Danger
93
Q

How much does our brain weigh?

A

1.5 kg

94
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

In the brain

95
Q

What is the major function of the pineal gland? What does it secrete?

A
  • Regulates sleep rhythm
  • Hormone secreted is melatonin
96
Q

What is an unconditioned reflex?

A
  • Comes with the territory - Survival value
97
Q

How many lobes does the brain have?

A

8 lobes

98
Q

What are anabolic steroids?

A
  • Artificial testosterone
  • Advantage for athletes
  • Cause bigger problems (even death)
99
Q

Which section of the brain is the trigger for “fight-or-flight”? After how much time? What happens if it takes longer than that?

A
  • The amygdala
  • 1/4 seconds
  • After, the information reaches the frontal cortex, which would “damp things down”
100
Q

What is the key structure in the brain that determines whether short-term memories get translated into long-term memory?

A

Hippocampus (part of the limbic system)

101
Q

What are evolutionary forces that account for gender differences in the brain?

A
  • Man the hunter: aggressive
  • Woman the caregiver: emotional
102
Q

What is brain plasticity? Who does it favor?

A
  • The brain’s ability to “re-wire” itself after an injury
  • Plasticity decreases with age; kids are more plastic
  • Women tend to be more plastic
103
Q

Which lobe is the largest?

A

The frontal lobe

104
Q

Why are people with autisim “slower”?

A

Because of a lack of myelin sheath

105
Q

What are the three parts of the synapse?

A
  • Axon terminal - Gap - Dendrite
106
Q

What are the four components of the hindbrain?

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Pons
  3. Cerebellum
  4. The Reticular Activating System
107
Q

What does damage to the hippocampus lead to?

A

Leads to NO new memories

108
Q

What three areas are laterality associated with?

A
  • Hands
  • Eyes
  • Feet
109
Q

When is handedness established? Which gene is it likely to be established by?

A
  • Before birth
  • Single gene in female “X” chromosome
110
Q

What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

The corpus callosum

111
Q

What are the adrenal glands turned on by?

A

Turned on by ACTH: message from the pituitary

112
Q

What are the functions of the Frontal Association Area? Where is it located?

A
  • Frontal Lobe (beneath speech)
  • Thinking
  • Impulse control
  • Planning for the future
  • Emotions (generated and controlled)
113
Q

What does too little dopamine cause?

A

Parkinson’s disease

114
Q

What are the structures of the limbic system?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hippocampus
115
Q

Females have thicker corpus callosums. What is the consequence?

A
  • Greater emotional awareness
  • More aware of their world than boys
116
Q

What does a lack of GABA cause?

A

Epilepsy and seizures

117
Q

What does EEG stand for? What is its function?

A
  • Electroencephalogram
  • Measures 4 types of brain waves
  • Used for sleep studies
118
Q

How long is short-term memory?

A

30 seconds

119
Q

What happens if you damage the Broca’s area?

A
  • Broca’s aphasia
  • Understand things but cannot speak
120
Q

What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

121
Q

What is polygenetic inheritance?

A

Trait is determined by more than one pair of chromosomes

122
Q

What damage is behind not being able to differentiate the feel between sandpaper and silk?

A

The somato-sensory cortex

123
Q

Where is the thyroid located?

A

In the throat

124
Q

Which neurotransmitter do anti-psychotic drugs target?

A

Block dopamine sites

125
Q

What is the issue of forced change? What can it cause?

A
  • Trying to force a left-handed person to a right-handed person (ex: in Italy - Christianity)
  • You can end up with a speech impediment since the areas of the brain are in close association
126
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Endogenous drugs produced by neurons

127
Q

What are the two major functions of the hippocampus?

A

1) Essential for new memories
2) Plays a role in neural maps

128
Q

What does cocaine do?

A

Blocks the reuptake of dopamine

129
Q

What are adoption studies? What does it show?

A
  • Biological (genetic) vs. Adoptive (environmental) parents
  • Shows whether the individual’s behavior had any genetic implications
130
Q

What is the basic split of the brain?

A

A) Cerebral cortex

  • Higher brain function
  • Action

B) Associated Areas

  • Thought (thinking, perceiving, understanding), but no action
  • Below the cortex
131
Q

Do males and females use the same pathways for the same task?

A

No, they use different pathways (shown through f/MRI studies)

132
Q

Which section of the hindbrain is sensitive to drugs and alcohol?

A

Cerebellum

133
Q

Where is norepinephrine produced?

A
  • Locus coeruleus (brain stem)
134
Q

What is the function of the association areas of the occipital lobe?

A

Hold memories of past visual experiences

135
Q

Where is the Wernicke area located?

A

In the left temporal lobe

136
Q

The _________ is composed of 2 hemispheres.

A

cerebrum

137
Q

Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Primary excitatory

138
Q

What are the two components of the forebrain?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus (below the thalamus)
139
Q

The right and left hemispheres have some specialized functions, which is called ______________

A

lateralization

140
Q

Which neurotransmitter provides the runner’s high?

A

Endorphins

141
Q

What is the function of the somato-sensory cortex?

A
  • Reception and processing of:
  • Touch, pressure, temperature, pain
142
Q

If the _____ is damaged, it can lead to a coma.

A

pons

143
Q

What is the Babinski reflex?

A

When you touch a baby’s foot and the toes flex

144
Q

What are the 2 roles of endorphins?

A
  • Involved in breathing and respiration - Involved in hunger regulation
145
Q

How do “outside” drugs act?

A
  • They block or release endogenous drugs - They affect things indirectly
146
Q

What is the function of the automatic nervous system?

A
  • Control of internal bodily functions
  • Heart, digestion, breathing, etc.
  • Does these functions AUTOMATICALLY
147
Q

Where is the cerebral cortex related? What is it?

A

Thin layer on top of the cerebrum covering about 1/4 inch thick for higher order thinking

148
Q

What is the cross-over effect?

A

Right-side of the brain controls the left-side of the body, and vice-versa (chiasmic effect)

149
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  • Afferent neurons
  • Efferent neurons
  • Interneurons (most neurons, in between)
150
Q

Give an example of an agonist.

A

Cocaine

151
Q

What are glutamate and GABA chemically?

A

Both are amino acids

152
Q

What neurotransmitter affects Parkinson’s?

A

Acetylcholine (too much)and dopamine (too little)

153
Q

What is transduction?

A
  • Converting one form of energy to another
  • The only language the brain reads is electricity
154
Q

What do endorphins provide? Why?

A
  • Floating calm - Because it is an inhibitory neurotransmitter
155
Q

What are the functions of the left hemisphere?

A
  • Verbal, listening, talking, analysis
  • Step-by-step procedures
156
Q

What are the three tasks of a neuron?

A

1) Receive incoming messages - Transduction
2) Integrate (takes information and makes it apart of a system)
3) Transmit

157
Q

What is the function of the cell body of the neuron? What is it also called?

A
  • Soma
  • Contains the nucleus
  • Carries out metabolic functions (fire or don’t fire)
158
Q

Which brain center controls hunger?

A

Hypothalamus

159
Q

Which lobe is the Broca area located in?

A

The left frontal lobe

160
Q

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Main inhibitory, controls anxiety

161
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Between the stomach and intestines

162
Q

What does the primary motor cortex separate?

A

The frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

163
Q

What happens to unused neurotransmitters?

A
  • “Sucked back” (re-uptake) to the axon terminal - The key can’t find anything to do so it comes back to be used again
164
Q

What is the function of the Broca’s area?

A

Speech; it is a MOTOR action

165
Q

What does MRI stand for? What can it illustrate?

A
  • Magnetic Resonance Imagery
  • Reveals brain structure
166
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Coordination, movement, posture, balance
  • Learning motor skills
  • Orchestrates everyday movement
  • Role in habit formation
167
Q

What are the four causes of gender differences in the brain?

A

1) Evolutionary forces
2) Structural differences
3) Pathways of the brain
4) Limbic response

168
Q

How many neurotransmitters have been identified?

A

More than 50

169
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobes? Where are they located?

A
  • Located at the temples (above the ear)
  • Hearing: receives sounds from both ears
  • Allows you to know the direction of sound
170
Q

What is the major function of the thyroid gland? What does it release? What does it control?

A
  • Controls how the body burns energy (metabolism)
  • Releases thyroxin, which controls metabolism
171
Q

Which area is the motor cortex close to (and best friends with)? Why?

A
  • Somatosensory area
  • We sense something; then we have to move
172
Q

Where are the parietal lobes located?

A

Located on top, behind the frontal lobes

173
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands produce? What is their function?

A
  • Produces epinephrine and norpinephrine
  • Activate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
174
Q

What is an incoming signal (afferent)?

A

From our environment to our CNS

175
Q

What is the function of the motor cortex? Where is it located?

A
  • A strip of tissue at the back of the frontal area
  • Controls voluntary movement
176
Q

Which neurotransmitter does speed affect?

A

Norepinephrien

177
Q

Describe the hierarchy of the nervous system.

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Somatic
  • Automatic (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic)
178
Q

What does PET mean? What is the function of a PET scan?

A
  • Positive Emission Tomography
  • Reveals brain activity
  • Injects radioactive glucose, or inhale oxygen with low-radioactivity
  • Looking at how the brain consumes glucose/oxygen
179
Q

What are the functions of the reticular activating system?

A
  • Attention and arousal
  • Turns brain on; indicates messages coming in
  • Activates higher areas of the brain
180
Q

Which neurotransmitter does cocaine influence?

A

Promotes release of dopamine and blocks reuptake

181
Q

Are there more left-handed males or females?

A

Males

182
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Body’s thermostat: regulates basic drives
  • Hunger
  • Sex (sexual urges), refractory period (men)
  • Thirst
  • Temperature
  • Emotional control
  • Nervous sweat (linked to temperature and emotional control)
183
Q

Which neurotransmitter causes depression or bipolar disorder at low levels?

A

Norepinephrine

184
Q

Severe epilepsy causes a surgeon to cut the corpus callosum of an individual. What would they respond when asked questions about AIR·PORT

1) What did you see?
2) Point with your LEFT hand to what you saw.

A

1) Reads PORT since the verbal (language) is on the left side
2) Points to AIR

185
Q

How do neurotransmitters bind to the dendrite of the receiving neuron?

A
  • Lock and key process - Each neurotransmitter has a specific shape (key) and fits into a receptor (lock)
186
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Drugs, chemicals that block the action of a neurotransmitter by occupying the receptor site

2) Psychology (8 decks)

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