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2) Psychology > 2) Major Perspectives > Flashcards

2) Major Perspectives Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is behind congruence? What is it?

A
  • Carl Rogers - Self-actualization occurs when a person’s “ideal self” is congruent with their actual behaviour
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2
Q

What was Freud’s model of personality?

A

Iceberg model

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3
Q

What are the five needs from Maslow’s pyramid?

A
  • Physiological needs (basic) - Safety needs (basic) - Belongingness and love needs (psychological) - Esteem needs (psychological) - Self-actualization (self-fulfilment)
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4
Q

How did the humanistic perspective develop?

A

Reaction to Freud that stated that he was ridiculous

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5
Q

What does Jean Piaget mean by conservation?

A

The concept that a given quantity of matter remains the same despite being rearranged or changed in appearance, as long as nothing is added or taken away.

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6
Q

What are the two major systems involved in behaviour?

A

Nervous and endocrine

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7
Q

Which concept does humanistic perspective rely on?

A

Concept of Congruence

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8
Q

Explain how classical conditioning works.

A
  • Learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. - Associates responses to cues
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9
Q

How do we account for human behaviour?

A

Perspectives, which are different assumptions

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10
Q

What cultural and social influences does the sociocultural perspective look at?

A
  • Gender - Lifestyle - Income level - Age
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11
Q

What is the therapy that Sigmund Freud designed?

A

Psychoanalysis

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12
Q

What perspective does this correspond to? “We come to KNOW how to behave”

A

Cognitive

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13
Q

Explain the saying “ontogony recapitulates phylogeny.”

A

The development of an organism (ontogeny) expresses all the intermediate forms of its ancestors throughout evolution (phylogeny)

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14
Q

Who is the father of classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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15
Q

Which perspective does this example correspond to? The student doesn’t want to be perceived as a “nerd”, so he studies just enough to avoid failing

A

Sociocultural

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16
Q

Is the conscious, pre-conscious or unconscious responsible for Freudian slips?

A

Pre-conscious

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17
Q

Which perspective does this example correspond to? An unresolved early childhood emotional trauma is distracting the student from his academic work.

A

Psychodynamic/Freudian

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18
Q

What does anal retentive lead to? What does anal expulsive lead to?

A

Anal retentive: perfectionism Anal expulsive: careless, messiness

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19
Q

What is a Freudian slip?

A

Error in speech, memory, or physical action that is interpreted as occurring due to the interference of an unconscious subdued wish or internal train of thought

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20
Q

According to Freud, how long does the anal stage last? What is it?

A
  • 1 to 3 years old - Toilet training
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21
Q

Which perspective does this description correspond to? The roles of inherited tendencies that have proven adaptive in humans.

A

Evolutionary

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22
Q

What are optical illusions based on?

A

Cognitions; perception

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23
Q

Which perspective does this example correspond to? The student has not been reinforced for getting good grades in the past.

A

Learning (Behavioural)

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24
Q

What is the set-point theory of weight? Which perspective does this correspond to?

A
  • Physiological/Biological (role of genetics) - The weight range in which your body is programmed to function optimally - One’s body will fight to maintain that weight range
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25
Q

According to Freud, how long does the latency stage last? What is it?

A
  • 6 to puberty - Repression of sexual impulse - Normal homosexual stage - Prefer to play with their own gender
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26
Q

Can perspectives be “correct”?

A

No one’s perspective is “correct”, but some of them may apply better

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27
Q

According to Freud, how long does the oral stage last? What is it?

A
  • Mouth/Feeding - Birth-12 months
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28
Q

What was Jean Piaget’s theory?

A
  • Theory of cognitive development - Cognition develops over different stages of thinking: conservation
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29
Q

Which clinical psychologist is known for his work on childhood cognition?

A

Jean Piaget

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30
Q

Who was an important contributor to the humanistic perspective?

A

Abraham Maslow

31
Q

How can the role of genetics cause abnormal behaviour? Which perspective does this correspond to?

A
  • Genetic vulnerability - Individual is more susceptible to react to a stimulus, but does not guarantee a reaction - ex: Depression - Physiological/Biological
32
Q

How could brain chemistry cause abnormal behaviour? Which perspective does this correspond to?

A
  • Related to chemical imbalance - Neurotransmitters - Physiological/Biological
33
Q

What does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs state?

A

We need to satisfy certain needs before we move on to others

34
Q

According to Freud, how long does the phallic stage last? What is it?

A
  • 3 to 6 years old - Erogenous zones - Strong sexual attachment to parent of the other sex - Oedipal conflict
35
Q

Differentiate self-esteem and self-concept.

A

Self-esteem: self-concept + a value interpretation Self-concept: pure description of yourself

36
Q

What are perspectives often referred to as?

A

Schools of thought

37
Q

According to Freud, what is the cause of homosexuality?

A

Fixation during the latency stage

38
Q

Define Freud’s Id. Is is concious, pre-conscious, or unconscious? What does it contain and operate?

A
  • The unconscious system of the personality, which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle; source of the libido. - Seek pleasure, avoid pain and GO for it - Buy the car
39
Q

What is a system perspective?

A

Multiple factors work together holistically; their combined, interactive influences on behaviour are greater than the sum of the individual factors that make up the system

40
Q

Who is the father of operant conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner

41
Q

Who was Sigmund Freud? When was he alive? What was his focus?

A
  • M.D. - 1856-1939 - Focus: the unconscious mind
42
Q

Changing your _________ can change your behaviour. What perspective does this correspond to?

A
  • perspective - Cognitive
43
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

Focuses on understanding ourselves by uncovering the forgotten events from the unconscious mind (childhood)

44
Q

What are the five Freudian psychosexual stages?

A
  • Oral - Anal - Phallic - Latency - Genital
45
Q

According to Freud, how long does the genital stage last? What is it?

A
  • Puberty onwards - Mature psychosexual
46
Q

Describe Freud’s Super-Ego. What does it consist of?

A
  • The moral system of the personality - Consists of the conscience and the ego ideal.
47
Q

Give an example of hard-wired behaviour. Which perspective does this correspond to?

A
  • Fight or Flight Syndrome - Physiological/Biological
48
Q

Which perspective does this description correspond to? The role of biological processes and structures, as well as heredity, in explaining behaviour.

A

Physiological/Biological

49
Q

Describe Freud’s fixation.

A

Child feels guilt; unmet needs affect his later life

50
Q

Which perspective does this example correspond to? An inappropriate level of emotional arousal (i.e., test anxiety) is preventing this student from performing at an optimal level.

A

Physiological/Biological

51
Q

Which perspective does this example correspond to? Studying for exams does not fit into this student’s definition of a meaningful life.

A

Humanistic

52
Q

Describe Freud’s iceberg model and its three levels.

A
  • Conscious: current state of awareness - Pre-Conscious: outside awareness, but accessible - Unconscious: outside awareness, and unacessible
53
Q

Define ontogeny.

A

The development of an organism

54
Q

According to Freud, what happens if a childhood need is met or not met?

A

Gratification (+): satisfaction with the need Fixation (-): unsatisfaction with the need

55
Q

What is cognition?

A

Perception, thinking, memory, and problem-solving

56
Q

How does the humanistic perspective disagree with Freud?

A
  • People have free-will and unlimited potential - Each person is unique; no reliance on unconscious forces
57
Q

Which perspective does this description correspond to? The roles of social and cultural in influences on behaviour.

A

Sociocultural

58
Q

Describe Freud’s Ego.

A

The logical, rational, largely conscious system of personality, which operates according to the reality principle. - Don’t buy the car

59
Q

What is fixation of the oral stage?

A

Smoking, eating, nail biting

60
Q

Which perspective does this description correspond to? The role of unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences in determining behaviour and thought.

A

Psychodynamic/Freudian

61
Q

What are physiological factors that would explain for Mike’s aggressive behaviour?

A
  • Inherited aggressive genes - Abnormal hormonal levels (ex: testosterone) - Being under the influence of drugs - Nervous system damage (ex: brain tumour)
62
Q

Which perspective does this description correspond to? The importance of an individual’s subjective experience as a key to understanding his or her behavior

A

Humanistic

63
Q

Which perspective does this description correspond to? The role of mental processes (perception, thinking, and memory) that underlie behaviour.

A

Cognitive

64
Q

Which perspective does this example correspond to? The student does not use effective learning strategies such as the SQ3R method.

A

Cognitive

65
Q

Define phylogeny.

A

The intermediate forms of its ancestors throughout evolution

66
Q

What does the evolutionary perspective draw heavily from?

A

Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection

67
Q

What does the evolutionary perspective examine?

A
  • The role of inherited tendencies - Survival value (adaptation)
68
Q

Which perspective does this example correspond to? The student believes that studying is unimportant because potential mates are more interested in his physical appearance and capacity for social dominance than they are in his grades.

A

Evolutionary

69
Q

What are the three parts of Freud’s iceberg model?

A
  • Id - Ego - Super-Ego
70
Q

Which perspective does this description correspond to? The role of environment in shaping and controlling behaviour

A

Learning (Behavioural)

71
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

The strength of a behavior is modified by the behavior’s consequences, such as reward or punishment

72
Q

What is psychologically but not physically addictive?

A

Gambling

73
Q

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages based on?

A

Based on childhood NEEDS

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