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2) Psychology > 6) Learning > Flashcards

6) Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Define classical conditioning.

A

A type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another

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2
Q

What is an unconditioned response? Give examples.

A

o A response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
o Examples: Salivation, startle, contraction of pupil, eyeblink response

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3
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus? Give examples.

A

o A stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning
o Examples: Food, loud noise, light in the eye, puff of air

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4
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus? Give examples.

A

o A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response
o Example: Musical tone

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5
Q

What is a conditioned response? Give examples.

A

o The learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
o Example: Salivation to the tone

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6
Q

In Ivan Pavlov’s classical experiment, what is the food?

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

In Ivan Pavlov’s classical experiment, what is the salivation to the tone?

A

Conditioned response

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8
Q

In Ivan Pavlov’s classical experiment, what is the musical tone?

A

Conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

What is higher-order conditioning?

A

Conditioning that occurs when conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals

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10
Q

In classical conditioning, what is extinction?

A

In classical conditioning, the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response because of repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

In classical conditioning, what is spontaneous recovery?

A

The reappearance of an extinguished response (in a weaker form) when an organism is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period

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12
Q

In classical conditioning, what is generalization?

A

In classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is like the original conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

How could Ivan Pavlov’s classic experiment have been generalized?

A

By using a different musical tone

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14
Q

In classical conditioning, what is discrimination?

A

The learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli

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15
Q

In Little Albert’s experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response?

A

CS: White rat
US: Loud noise
CR: Fear reaction

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16
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response

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17
Q

In operant conditioning, what is an operant?

A

A voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence

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18
Q

In operant conditioning, what is a reinforcer?

A

Anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will occur

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19
Q

In operant conditioning, what is a punisher?

A

Anything that follows a response and weakens it or decreases the probability that it will occur

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20
Q

In operant conditioning, what is shaping?

A

An operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby generally guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal

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21
Q

In operant conditioning, what is successive approximations?

A

A series of gradual steps, each of which is more similar to the final desired response

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22
Q

In operant conditioning, what is extinction?

A

In operant conditioning, the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of the withholding of reinforcement

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23
Q

In operant conditioning, what is generalization?

A

In operant conditioning, the tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was generally reinforced

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24
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Any event that follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated

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25
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated

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26
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

Person buys more lottery tickets after hitting a $100 jackpot

A

Positive reinforcement

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27
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

College student studies more often after getting an A on an exam for which she studied more than usual

A

Positive reinforcement

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28
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

Rat learns to press a lever to obtain a food pellet

A

Positive reinforcement

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29
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

Rat learns to press a lever to turn off an annoying stimulus such as a loud buzzer

A

Negative reinforcement

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30
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

College student studies more often in order to avoid getting another F on an exam

A

Negative reinforcement

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31
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

Individual calls his mother more often in order to keep the mother from nagging him

A

Negative reinforcement

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32
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

A reinforce that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning

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33
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

A reinforce that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers

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34
Q

What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, non-reinforced responses

35
Q

What is a variable-ratio schedule?

A

A schedule in which a reinforce is given after a varying number of non-reinforced responses, based on an average ratio

36
Q

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

A

The typical outcome of a variable ratio of reinforcement in which a slow rate of initial learning is coupled with resistance to extinction

37
Q

Which schedule does the following example illustrate:

Your favorite coffee bar offers you a free cup of coffee for every 10 cups you buy

A

Fixed-Ratio

38
Q

Which schedule does the following example illustrate:

Your favorite coffee bar offers you a chance to participate in a drawing every time you purchase a drink. You draw a card out of a jar that contains dozens of cars, 1 in 10 of which says “Get a free coffee next time you visit” and 9 in 10 saying “Sorry. Try again next time”

A

Variable-Ratio

39
Q

What is punishment?

A

The removal of pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response

40
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

A decrease in behavior that results from an added consequence

41
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

A decrease in behavior that results from a removed consequence

42
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

Rat stops pressing a lever when doing so causes a loud, annoying buzzing sound

A

Positive punishment

43
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

Student stops staying up late after sleeping through an important exam

A

Positive punishment

44
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

A driver avoids taking a particular route because it has caused him to become bogged down in traffic jams in the past

A

Positive punishment

45
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

A driver who speeds less often after suffering through a 6-month suspension of his licence

A

Negative punishment

46
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

Rat stops pressing a lever when doing so causes a dish of food to disappear from his cage

A

Negative punishment

47
Q

What type of learning behavior is the example:

Teenager stops coming home late after parents take away her going-out privileges for two weeks

A

Negative punishment

48
Q

What are the 5 types of learning?

A
  • Facts
  • Procedural
  • Social cues
  • Motor skills
  • Phobias
49
Q

What is the following statement an example of:

Pairing a positive stimulus (good looking actor) with a neutral stimulus (product) in a TV commercial

A

Conditioned emotional response

50
Q

What is vicarious conditioning?

A

Learning by looking at parents or movies

51
Q

What are the 4 factors that influence classical conditioning?

A

1) Number of pairings and strength of CR
2) Intensity of US
3) Reliability of the NS predicting the outcome of the US
4) Timing delay between the CS and the US

52
Q

What does the Law of Effect state?

A

The consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened.

53
Q

Who is behind the Law of Effect?

A

Thorndike

54
Q

Who believed that all behavior is controlled by the environment?

A

B.F. Skinner

55
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A

A cue given as to WHEN the reward will be given

56
Q

What was the discriminative stimulus in the Skinner box?

A

Light

57
Q

Which learning behaviour is the following:

You study with your friend, and you both get 95% on the first exam. You are likely to study together for the second exam

A

Positive reinforcement

58
Q

Shaping behaviour is linked to __________

A

successive approximation

59
Q

What is successive approximation?

A

You are rewarded for each part of your behaviour, which gets you closer to the finla goal

60
Q

What is a token economy?

A

Good behaviour is rewarded with tokens

61
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

The reward is the REMOVAL of the negative reinforcers

62
Q

Drugs are _______

A

negative reinforcers

63
Q

Differentiate escape behaviour and avoidance behaviour.

A

Escape: noxious stimulus is there
Avoidance: noxious behaviour is not there

64
Q

Which learning behaviour is the following:

Turning the stereo down because it is so loud it hurts your ears.

A

Escape behaviour

65
Q

Which learning behaviour is the following:

Buckling your seatbelt to avoid hearing the annoying beeping noise

A

Avoidance behaviour

66
Q

What does the Premark principle state?

A

Low probability event (studying) is paired with a high probability event (watching the hockey game)

67
Q

What is continuous reinforcement? Who is it best for?

A
  • EACH correct response is rewarded

- Best in early learning; beginners

68
Q

Which learning schedule has the higher resistance to extinction?

A

Variable-Ratio

69
Q

Which learning behaviour is the following:

Gambling

A

Variable-Ratio

70
Q

How can we determine which learning schedule is more effective?

A

By bringing two groups that were taught a behaviour using different schedules under a circumstance without an reward

71
Q

What are the three factors influencing operant conditioning?

A
  • Magnitude of the reinforcement
  • Immediacy of reinforcement
  • Level of motivation of the learner
72
Q

Fear response is a side effect of what? What does it cause?

A
  • Punishment

- Individual becomes aggressive or timid

73
Q

Over-punishment causes ______________

A

learned helplessness

74
Q

What is restorative punishment?

A

Doing something that restores your mistake; has a connection to the mistake

75
Q

When a boy is misbehaving, he gets punished. But, when he is behaving correctly, he is also punished. What could this cause?

A

Learned helplessness through over-punishment

76
Q

In observational learning, the learner observes the _________

A

consequences

77
Q

When is the modelling effect highest?

A

When the model is similar to the observer

78
Q

Is observational learning purely about observing and imitating?

A

No, individuals also make a cognitive assessment about the situation they witness (judgmental)

79
Q

Who executed the Bobo doll study?

A

Albert Bandura

80
Q

What is the Bobo doll study?

A
  • Children were shown a short-movie where adults were kicking a Bobo doll
  • They were shown different endings
  • After, they were allowed to play with the dolls, and the children with the most aggressive behaviour saw adults conduct aggressive behaviour
81
Q

When people work hard, and it doesn’t pay off, what does that cause?

A

Learned helplessness

82
Q

Individuals who have undergone learned helplessness believe in what?

A

An external locus of control; believe nothing they do will change their lives

83
Q

Martin Seligman conducted a study with ____

A

dogs

84
Q

What was Martin Seligman’s study about? What was it?

A
  • Learned helplessness
  • Experimental group: could not escape shock
  • Control group: no previous inescapable shock
  • Experiment: put both groups in a situation of ESCAPABLE shock
  • Experimental did not even try to escape
  • Control group successfully escaped

2) Psychology (8 decks)

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