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PS1060 - Intro to Biological Psychology > 8. Sensory Processing 2 > Flashcards

8. Sensory Processing 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define conduction

A

Afferent pathway

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2
Q

Define transduction

A

CNS integration and information processing

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3
Q

Describe sensory projections

A

Ascend from the spinal cord into the brain through the brainstem
They travel through the thalamus, which acts as a relay processing station of signals to other brain regions

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4
Q

Describe olfactory pathways

A

From the nose project to the primary olfactory cortex

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5
Q

Describe vestibular pathways

A

Also project to cerebellum - important for motor control & equilibrium

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6
Q

Which are the most common receptors in the body?

A

Touch receptors

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7
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

The epidermis (thin outer layer) and the dermis (thick inner layer)

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8
Q

How many receptors are there across the dermis and hypodermis?

A

4

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9
Q

What are the 3 components of the skin?

A

Glabrous skin
Hairy skin
Sweat glands

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10
Q

Describe the features of glabrous skin

A

Smooth, thick skin on palms and soles of our feet
Epidermis = 1.5mm
Dermis = 1-2mm

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11
Q

Describe the features of hairy skin

A

Thick skin populated with hair follicles
Epidermis = 0.1mm
Dermis = 1-2mm

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12
Q

Describe the features of sweat glands

A

Eccrine - secrete saline

Sebaceous - secrete complex cell cytoplasm

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13
Q

Describe the features of vibration (Pacinian Corpuscle) (RF’s, Response)

A

Large receptive fields

Fast adapting

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14
Q

Describe the features of touch (Meissner’s corpuscle) (RF’s, Response)

A

Small receptive fields

Fast adapting

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15
Q

Describe the features of touch (Merkel Cells) (RFs, Response)

A

Small receptive fields

Slow adapting

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16
Q

Describe the features of stretch (Reffini’s ending) (RFs, Response)

A

Large receptive fields

Slow adapting

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17
Q

RFS all us to have good ___ ___ of where the stimulus is applied on the skin

A

Spatial resolution

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18
Q

The smaller the RF the higher/lower the resolution?

A

Higher

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19
Q

The higher density of RF the higher/lower the resolution?

A

Higher

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20
Q

Which test is used to test spatial acuity?

A

‘Two-point discrimination test’

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21
Q

How does the signal transfer to the brain?

A

Innervation via spinal nerves

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22
Q

What are the dorsal horn and the ventral horn responsible for in terms of bell-magendie law?

A

Dorsal horn = Afferent sensory info

Ventral horn = Efferent motor signals

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23
Q

What is dermatome?

A

An area of skin that is mainly supplied by a spinal nerve

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24
Q

How many dermatomes are there?

A

30

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25
Q

Tactile signals are sent through the spinal cord via what and to where?

A

Via the dorsal column pathway to the primary somatosensory cortex in the brain

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26
Q

What is the tactile pathway?

A

Dorsal column - thalamus - primary somatosensory cortex (S1) - secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) - other brain areas

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27
Q

Define pain

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

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28
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Free nerve endings that respond to stimuli that can cause tissue damage or when tissue damage has taken place

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29
Q

Small diameter afferent neurons do what?

A

Respond to acute painful stimuli & superficial in the dermis (we have many covering the skin’s surface)

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30
Q

Nociceptors respond to what type of stimuli?

A

Noxious (painful)

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31
Q

Where are nociceptors found?

A

Skin, muscle, joints and some visceral tissues

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32
Q

What are the 3 key features of nociceptors?

A
  1. Some are specific to one type of stimulus (mechanical or thermal)
  2. But most are polymodal - not a high level specificity as some respond to both mechanical and thermal
  3. The number and size of the receptive fields served by each fibre may be small or large
33
Q

What are the 2 types of fibres for the two types of pain?

A

A(delta) and C fiber

34
Q

What do A(delta) fibers transmit and what are the characteristics?

A

Sharp, prickly pain

Thin, myelinated, fast

35
Q

What do C fibrers transmit and what are the characteristics?

A

Dull, aching pain

Thin, unmyelinated, slow

36
Q

Describe which fibre is active first when it comes to pain?

A

A(delta) fiber is first as it is sharp but it tends to fade quickly and is then followed by C fibre pain

37
Q

Pain signals travel through which tract to the brain and run parallel to somatosensory pathways?

A

Spino-thalamic tract

38
Q

What is the pain pathway?

A

Afferent to spinal cord laminae I & II - Cross midline to contralateral anterolateral column - Thalamus - Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) - Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) - Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Insula, Amygdala

39
Q

What controls the emotional response of pain?

A

Anterior cingulate cortex, ínsula and amygdala

40
Q

What are the two central mechanisms for pain?

A

Sensory discriminative and emotionally aversive

41
Q

Describe the features of sensory discriminative mechanisms for pain

A

Low level sensory processing of pain
Somatosensory cortex
Mediate perception of location, intensity, and ‘quality’ of painful stimuli

42
Q

Describe the features of emotional aversive mechanisms for pain

A

Mediate perception of fear, anxiety, and unpleasantness of painful stimuli
High level cognitive processing
This means that there is not one single area but an entire pain matrix

43
Q

What is the purpose of the vestibular system?

A

Stabilisation of the head in space

44
Q

Define gyroscopic stabilisation

A

Spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation is free to assume any orientation by itself

45
Q

Where is the vestibular system located?

A

Inside the inner ear

46
Q

What are the two organs that comprise the vestibular system?

A

Semicircular canals - head angular acceleration

Otoliths - head linear acceleration gravity

47
Q

Vestibular organs lie on which bone?

A

The temporal bone

48
Q

Semicircular canals sense what?

A

Sense head rotations (angular acceleration)

49
Q

Semicircular canals are filled with liquid, what is it called?

A

Endolymph

50
Q

The rotation of the head causes the liquid to move in what direction?

A

Opposite to the rotation

51
Q

When the liquid moves, what happens?

A

It bends the jelly-like cupola, causes embedded vestibular hair cells to bend and fire APs

52
Q

The liquid works in a push/pull way which results in what?

A

Balances the organisation of the two organs
Brain gets information in a highly synchronised way
Super fast in sending info to the brain (25m/s)

53
Q

What do otoliths sense?

A

Linear acceleration & gravity

54
Q

What does linear acceleration (e.g. tilting the head) cause?

A

The crystals to pull the gelatinous substance downward, bending hair cell stereocilia and causing depolarisation

55
Q

Moving the hair cells allows the brain to know what?

A

That the head has moved in function of the gravitational acceleration

56
Q

The otoliths consist of hair cells embedded in a jelly-like substance, covered with what?

A

Heavy calcium carbonate crystals (which balance on the hair cells)

57
Q

Which is the longest hair?

A

Kinocillium

58
Q

Vestibular signals travel through the what to the brain?

A

Medial Longitudinal fasciculus

59
Q

Outline the vestibular pathway

A

Vestibular nerve - brainstem - (cerebellum) - thalamus - vestibular areas

60
Q

Outline the vestibular brain areas

A

Somatosensory cortex, premotor cortex, anterior insular, posterior parietal cortex, temporo-parietal junction, hippocampus

61
Q

What are the 3 vestibular-driven reflexes?

A

Vestibular-ocular
Vestibular-collic
Vestibular-spinal

62
Q

What does the vestibular-ocular reflex do?

A

Keeps the eyes still in space when the head moves

63
Q

What does the vestibular-collie reflex do?

A

Keeps the head still in space (or on a level plan when you walk)

64
Q

What does the vestibular-spinal reflex do?

A

Adjusts posture for rapid changes in body position

65
Q

In VOR the semicircular canals measure what?

A

Rotation of the head and provide a signal for the oculomotor nuclei of the brainstem, which innervate the eye muscles

66
Q

Smell and taste involve what type receptor?

A

Chemoreceptors

67
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to what?

A

Chemicals in aqueous solutions

68
Q

Where are smell receptors located?

A

In the root of the nasal cavity

69
Q

What is the lifespan of cilia?

A

30-60 days

70
Q

Each olfactory receptor only has one type of …

A

Receptor protein

71
Q

What are the 4 stages of smell receptors?

A
  1. Odorants bind with receptors
  2. Olfactory receptor cells are activated and send APs
  3. Signals are relayed in glomeruli
  4. Signals travel to brain
72
Q

How many odour molecules can the brain analyse

A

~400

73
Q

How many odours can we recognise?

A

Over 1 trillion

74
Q

Where do signals from the olfactory nerve travel travel to?

A

The pyriform cortex

75
Q

What do neurons in the pyriform cortex respond to?

A

Odours

76
Q

Define taste buds

A

Receptors with hairs covered

77
Q

What is the lifespan of taste buds?

A

7-10 days

78
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes?

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Sour
  3. Salty
  4. Bitter
  5. Savoury
79
Q

What is the taste pathway?

A

Signals from the taste receptors - medulla - thalamus - gustatory cortex (in insular)

PS1060 - Intro to Biological Psychology (10 decks)

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