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PS1060 - Intro to Biological Psychology > 7. Sensory Processing 1 > Flashcards

7. Sensory Processing 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The retina is the ___ ___ of vision

A

Sensory organ

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2
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the retina?

A

Photoreceptor layer, intermediate layer and the ganglion cell layer

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3
Q

What is found in the photoreceptor layer?

A

Rods and cones

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4
Q

What is found in the intermediate layer?

A

Bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells

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5
Q

What is found in the ganglion cell layer?

A

Retinal ganglion cells: midget & parasol

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6
Q

What do rods and cones respond to?

A

Light intensity

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7
Q

In the darkness what do rods and cones release?

A

A neurotransmitter (glutamate)

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8
Q

Light is absorbed by what in rods and cones?

A

A pigment

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9
Q

Name the pigments in rods and cones

A

Rhodopsin

Cone opsin

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10
Q

The change in shape in the shape of photopigment triggers what?

A

A G-protein cascade that reduces glutamate release

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11
Q

What do bipolar cells do?

A

They transfer information from rods and cones to retinal ganglion cells

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12
Q

The intermediate layer transforms light information into what?

A

Contrast information

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13
Q

What are the two types of bipolar cells?

A

On and off

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14
Q

On bipolar cells are ___ by input

A

Inhibited

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15
Q

Off bipolar cells are ___ by input

A

Excited

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16
Q

What are the two types of retinal ganglion cells?

A

Parasol and midget

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17
Q

Describe parasol ganglion cells

A

Large dendritic trees

Combine inputs from many bipolar cells

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18
Q

Describe the midget ganglion cells

A

Combine inputs from few bipolar cells

Dendritic trees larger in periphery for both

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19
Q

What is the term which describes how photoreceptors translate light into neural signals for light intensity?

A

Signal transduction

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20
Q

What type of cells convert signals for light intensity into signals for contrast?

A

Bipolar and ganglion cells

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21
Q

Define visual receptive fields

A

The region of sensory space that evokes a response in a neuron

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22
Q

RFs have a ___ and ___

A

Position and size

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23
Q

What are the two types of sub-region in RFs?

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

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24
Q

On RFs respond to an ___ in light intensity

A

Increase

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25
Q

Off RFs respond to a ___ in light intensity

A

Decrease

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26
Q

Retinal ganglion cells RFs mostly have what type of organisation?

A

Centre-surround organisation

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27
Q

Photoreceptors respond to what?

A

Light intensity

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28
Q

Retinal ganglion cells RFs code for what?

A
  1. Differences in light and dark over time (flicker)
  2. Differences in light and dark over space (contrast)
  3. Differences in colour
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29
Q

What shape are retinal ganglion cell RFs?

A

Circular

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30
Q

How many layers does the LGN consist of?

A

Six

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31
Q

The layers in the LGN differ in terms of what things?

A

The kind of cells they contain
What type of visual input they receive
Which eye they receive input from

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32
Q

What are the two main visual pathways in the LGN?

A

Magnocellular (M) pathway

Parvovellular (P) pathway

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33
Q

Which layers are the M pathway?

A

Inner two layers (1 & 2)

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34
Q

Where does the M pathway receive input from?

A

Parasol ganglion cells

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35
Q

Which layers are the P pathways?

A

The outer four (3, 4, 5, 6)

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36
Q

Where does the P pathway receive input from?

A

Midget ganglion cells

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37
Q

Receptive fields in LGN are similar to those of what?

A

The retinal ganglion cells

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38
Q

What are the 5 functions of the LGN?

A
  1. Relay station between eye and brain
  2. Response properties similar to retinal ganglion cells
  3. Receives massive feedback from the cortex
  4. First site of attentional gating/enhancement
  5. Sleep-related gating of sensory input to cortex
39
Q

V1 is also known as what?

A

The Striate cortex

40
Q

Most LGN neurons project to where?

A

V1

41
Q

V1 consists of how many layers?

A

Six layers

42
Q

P pathway projects to where in V1?

A

VCB

43
Q

The P pathway splits into 2 new pathways in V1, what are they and what do they do?

A

P-B pathway: colour (blobs)

P-I pathway: orientation (inter blobs)

44
Q

Describe how M pathway projects into V1

A
  1. Project to layer 4C to 4B
  2. Cells in layer 4B are sensitive to movement
  3. Some are binocular and disparity/depth sensitive
45
Q

Most cells in V1 are ____ (respond to stimulation in either eye)

A

Binocular

46
Q

Cells in layer 4 that receive input from LGN are ___ (respond to only one eye)

A

Monocular

47
Q

Define ocular dominance

A

Most cells respond better to stimulation from one eye or the other

48
Q

What are ocular dominance columns?

A

Cells preferring each are are clustered into ~1mm thick slabs

49
Q

What are the 5 functions of V1?

A
  1. Topographic organisation
  2. Contains a map of the visual field
  3. Detailed maps of orientation, colour, spatial scale, motion direction and 3D depth
  4. Projects to most higher visual areas in cortex
50
Q

What 4 things does V1 compute?

A
  1. Orientation
  2. Spatial frequency
  3. Motion
  4. Colour
  5. Depth
51
Q

V1 cells respond best to a limited range of what?

A

Temporal frequency (flicker rate; how quickly stimuli change over time)

52
Q

Cells in M pathway respond better to ___ flicker

A

Fast

53
Q

Cells in the P pathway respond best to ___ flicker

A

Slower

54
Q

Neurons in V1 project to higher visual cortical areas such as:

A

V2, 3, 3A, 4, 5…

55
Q

What do the different higher visual cortical areas respond to?

A

V5: Motion
V4: Shape and colour
V3/3A: Motion boundaries and textures

56
Q

Area V2 is divided into multiple what?

A

Stripes

57
Q

Describe the features of the thick stripes (M pathway) from V2

A

Sensitive to orientation and movement

Sensitive to disparity

58
Q

Describe the features of the thin stripes (P pathway) from V2

A

Sensitive to colour

Not orientation-selective

59
Q

Describe the features of the inner-stripes (P pathway) of V2

A

Orientation-selective

Not direction-selective

60
Q

Describe the 3 features of V4

A
  1. The P pathway projects to V4
  2. Damage to human V4 impairs colour perception
  3. Involved in shape discrimination
61
Q

The M pathways projects to which visual areas?

A

V3/3A and V5

62
Q

Describe the features of V3/V3A

A

Selective for orientation

Respond to motion boundaries

63
Q

Describe the features of V5 (MT)

A

Selective for motion, direction and speed

Process information on motion and stereoscopic depth

64
Q

What does the frequency refer to?

A

The speed of vibrations

65
Q

Amplitude refers to what?

A

The size of the vibrations

66
Q

A sound at a single frequency is a pure tone, what type of wave does a pure tone look like?

A

A sine wave

67
Q

The auditory system works by taking apart what into what?

A

Sounds into their component frequencies and ‘measuring’ the amplitude of each component

68
Q

Humans can detect sounds between what measurements of Hz?

A

20-20,000 Hz

69
Q

How is the anatomy of the ear divided?

A

Into outer, middle and inner

70
Q

Auditory sensory neurons are located in which area of the ear?

A

The inner ear

71
Q

What are the two main functions of the outer ear?

A
  1. Amplifying sounds around 3kHz
  2. To help determining the direction of a sound (by allowing through more high frequencies from a high than a low sound source)
72
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

To amplify sounds so they can pass from air to water

73
Q

What are the two mechanisms of the middle ear?

A

The eardrum and the ear bones

74
Q

Describe the eardrum (tympanic membrane)

A

Much larger than the oval window, giving a proportional amplification

75
Q

Describe what the ear bones (ossicles) do?

A

Act as levers, magnifying the force of vibrations

76
Q

The inner ear consists of the cochlea and the semicircular canals, describe the features of these

A

Semicircular canals are part of the vestibular system

The cochlea is a hollow spiral tube

77
Q

The cochlea contains what organ?

A

The Organ of Corti - the sensory organ of hearing

78
Q

The organ of corti runs along the length of what and sits where?

A

The length of the cochlea

It sits between two liquid-filled tubes of the cochlea

79
Q

Hair cells are the ___ ___ of hearing

A

Sensory neurons

80
Q

What are the two types of hair cells?

A

Outer hair cells and inner hair cells

81
Q

IHCs and OHCs form two sets of rows which run along the length of what?

A

The cochlea

82
Q

Describe the 3 stages of how hair cells respond to sound

A
  1. Sound vibrations cause the basilar membrane to vibrate
  2. This causes a ‘shearing’ motion of the BM relative to the tectorial membrane
  3. This causes hair cells that sit between the BM and TM to bend back and forth
83
Q

Describe the signal transduction by hair cells

A
  • Bending of the ‘hair’ of hair cells pulls filaments connecting sterocilia
  • These filaments (tip links) are believed to connect mechanically to ion channels in the hair cells, opening them
  • This causes the hair cells to depolarise and fire APs
84
Q

Hair cells respond ___ ___

A

Very fast

85
Q

Allows hair cells to fire synchrony with sound vibrations up to ___ kHz

A

3

86
Q

What are the outer hair cells for?

A

They receive neural input from the auditory nerve
In response to stimulation, outer hair cells can contract and modify stiffness of basilar membrane - allowing fine tuning of sound sensitivity

87
Q

What is the purpose of cochlear implants?

A

To directly stimulate the auditory nerve - to mimic the function of hair cells

88
Q

Axons from the inner hair cells join to form what?

A

The auditory nerve

89
Q

The auditory nerve connects the cochlea with the ____ in the brainstem

A

Olive

90
Q

What is the olive involved in?

A

Sound localisation

91
Q

Auditory information passes through the MGN into the ___ and the ____

A

Thalamus and the auditory cortex

92
Q

Describe the two mechanisms that localise sounds

A

Time difference between the ears
Processed in the medial superior olive
Intensity differences between the ears
Processed in the lateral superior olive

93
Q

Where is sound information processed?

A

In the primary auditory cortex which is located in the superior temporal lobe

PS1060 - Intro to Biological Psychology (10 decks)

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