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PS1060 - Intro to Biological Psychology > 2. Functional Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology > Flashcards

2. Functional Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

The brain is suspended in what?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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2
Q

The brain is the centre of…

A

Cognition, emotion, behaviour and consciousness

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3
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal was a Spanish anatomist who studied what?

A

The structure of the nervous system by going through slices of the brain tissues to create a picture of neurons and what they look like

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4
Q

Outline the neurone ‘doctrine’

A

Neurons…

  • Are the basic unit of the NS
  • Are distinct and separate from each other (they are not interconnected)
  • Have cells bodies, axons and dendrites
  • Transmit information (in one direction only)
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5
Q

What are the 4 ways in which the neuron receives and processes signals?

A
  • Collects information
  • Integrates information
  • Conducts information
  • Outputs information
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6
Q

What are the 3 ways in which we know that neurons connect to other neurons?

A
  • Can stimulate other neurons
  • Can inhibit other neurons
  • Can send output to many neurons
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7
Q

What do dendrites do & what zone are they referred to?

A

They seek information from other neurons and are considered the input zone

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8
Q

Cell body acts as which zone?

A

The integration zone

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9
Q

Information travels down the axon to the axon terminals where….

A

A synapse will connect the axon terminals to another neuron

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10
Q

What are the 2 main cells in the NS?

A

Neurons and Glia

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11
Q

Describe features of Neurons and Glia

A

The ‘building blocks’ of the nervous system
Small
Low contrast under a microscope

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12
Q

Which cell is the main cell of the NS and which has a more supportive role?

A 
Neurons = main
Glia = supportive
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13
Q

Neurons can connect to make __, __, or __

A

Circuits, chains or networks

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14
Q

Give an example of a circuit, chain and network

A

Circuit - simple reface arc
Chains - retina
Networks - convergence and divergence

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15
Q

Where are networks present?

A

In the cortex

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16
Q

The function of a neural circuit depends on…

A
  • How the neurons are connected
  • How strong the connections are
  • Whether the synapses are excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)
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17
Q

What is critical between excitatory and inhibitory synapses?

A

Balance

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18
Q

What do Glia cells not take part in?

A

The signalling or processing

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19
Q

What is the main function of glia cells?

A

To sustain the neurons by ensuring that nutrients are supplied to the neurons

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20
Q

What are the 2 functions that glia cells are through to have?

A

Protective function and metabolic function

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21
Q

What are the 4 types of glia?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglia

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22
Q

Astrocytes attach to blood vessels and neurons to provide…

A

Physical support as well as blood and oxygen

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23
Q

How do astrocytes ensure that each neuron gets enough oxygen?

A

By detecting how active neurons are and providing the sufficient nutrients required

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24
Q

What is the function of astrocytes in terms of synapses?

A

They keep them separate and clean up any debris

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25
Q

What is the main function of oligodendrocytes?

A

To support and insulate axons which speeds up neurotransmission (the myelin sheath)

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26
Q

Oligodendrocytes latch around the axon and excels their membrane around it multiple times to serve as…

A

An electrical insulation - myelination

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27
Q

Oligodendrocytes are only found where?

A

The CNS

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28
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

A demyelinating disease which causes issues with motor and cognitive functions

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29
Q

Describe the 3 main functions of microglia and which disease they may be responsible for

A
  1. Precursors of blood cells
  2. Part of the brain’s immune system
  3. Related to macrophages (eats up debris_

May be responsible for Alzheimers

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30
Q

The CNS is made up of what?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

The PNS (Peripheral nervous system) is made up of what?

A

All nerves and neurons that reside outside, or extend beyond the CNS

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32
Q

What is a nerve?

A

An enclosed bundle of axons

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33
Q

Why is there great interest in medicine in the PNS?

A

Because lots of diseases can cause issues in the PNS

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34
Q

What are the structural subdivisions in the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

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35
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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36
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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37
Q

What are the functional subdivisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic nervous system and the automatic nervous system

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38
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

The part of the NS that regulates emotion and conscious sensations

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39
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

The unconscious part which keeps your body working

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40
Q

What are the two aspects of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic NS

Parasympathetic NS

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41
Q

What are cranial nerves really important for?

A

Our perceptions

All our main senses are connected via them

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42
Q

Spinal nerves connect through…

A

‘Branches’ which are known as roots

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43
Q

Outline the different pairs of spinal nerves

A 
8 cervical nerve pairs,
12 thoracic nerve pairs,
5 lumbar nerve pairs, 
5 sacral nerve pairs, 
1 coccygeal nerve pair
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44
Q

Each nerve has a ___ root (2 different types)

A

Ventral root and Dorsal root

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45
Q

What does the ventral root contain?

A

Efferent fibres (projecting away from the CNS - come from the brain back to the spinal cord)

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46
Q

What does the dorsal root contain?

A

Afferent fibres (projecting towards the CNS - come from the spinal cord to the brain)

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47
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Prepares the body for action - fight/flight response

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48
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Generally helps the body to relax, recuperate and prepare for future action

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49
Q

The CNS is the ___ part of the nervous system

A

Largest

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50
Q

What is the CNS cushioned by and protected by?

A

Cushioned by fluid and protected by bone

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51
Q

What are the membranes that cover the CNS called?

A

Meninges

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52
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A

Pia mater - soft matter
Arachnoid mater - spider-like
Dura mater - hard matter

53
Q

What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

For protection and nutrition

54
Q

The CSF is critical for…

A

Survival to protect the NS

55
Q

The CSF helps prevent the brain from…

A

Moving around too much and becoming physically damaged

56
Q

CSF also fills what in the brain?

A

Large ventricles

57
Q

What are the two types of matter in the brain?

A

Grey and white matter

58
Q

What is grey matter and where is it found?

A

The cells bodies of neurons - found on the cerebral cortex or in concentrated areas of cell body nuclei

59
Q

What is white matter and where is it found?

A

The axons of neurons - found on the outside of the spinal cord

60
Q

Define lateral

A

To the side

61
Q

Define medial

A

To the middle

62
Q

Define Ipsi

A

Same

63
Q

Define contra

A

Opposite

64
Q

Define Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

65
Q

Define contralateral

A

On the opposite side

66
Q

Define bilateral

A

On both sides

67
Q

Define superior

A

To the top

68
Q

Define inferior

A

To the bottom

69
Q

Define anterior

A

To the front

70
Q

Define posterior

A

To the back

71
Q

Define dorsal

A

Towards the backbone

72
Q

Define ventral

A

Towards the stomach

73
Q

Define rostral

A

Towards the snout

74
Q

Define caudal

A

Towards the tail

75
Q

What are the 3 slices?

A

Coronal, Sagittal and Horizontal

76
Q

What are the 4 parts of the CNS?

A

Spinal cord, brainstem, diencephalon and the forebrain

77
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

Hindbrain, mesencephalon - cerebellum

78
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

79
Q

What makes up the forebrain

A

The isocortex, basal ganglia and the limbic system

80
Q

What is the main function of the spinal cord?

A

Connects the brain and body

81
Q

What does the spinal cord house?

A

Local reface pathways

82
Q

Damage to the brainstem is usually…

A

Fatal

83
Q

What is the Medulla Oblongata?

A

The extended marrow

84
Q

What does the midbrain provide?

A

Important info for the eyes and ears

85
Q

The pons is involved in controlling what?

A

Nerves

86
Q

What vital body functions does the brainstem control?

A

Breathing, heartbeat, artery dilation, salivation and vomiting

87
Q

What is the pons closely connected to and what is it important for?

A

Connected to the cerebellum - important for movement and balance

88
Q

The midbrain contains important…

A

Sensory and motor centres

89
Q

Where does the cerebellum sit?

A

On top of the brainstem

90
Q

What does the cerebellum do once the brain has sent ‘copies’ of commands to the cerebellum?

A

Compels the predicted response to what it actually receives and will make corrections

91
Q

The cerebellum coordinates movements such as…

A

Balance, motor planning, motor learning and eye movement control

92
Q

Outline the 5 features of the thalamus

A
  1. Complete cluster of nuclei
  2. Connected to almost any area of the cortex
  3. Most important relay station for outputs and inputs to the cortex
  4. Involved in regulating sleep
  5. Decides what needs to be sent to the cortex
93
Q

What are the 3 main features of the hypothalamus

A
  1. A cluster of numerous nuclei
  2. Regulates homeostasis, metabolic processes, autonomic activities
  3. Links the nervous and endocrine system via pituitary gland
94
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Releases reproductive, sex and growth hormones into the bloodstream via the hypothalamus

95
Q

What is the basal ganglia comprised of?

A

The caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallid us and substantiated nigra

96
Q

What is the basal ganglia important for?

A

Motor control

97
Q

What is the limbic system involved in?

A

Emotion, motivation and emotional memory

98
Q

The hippocampus (in the limbic system) is essential for the formation of what?

A

Memories

99
Q

What does the olfactory bulb mediate?

A

The sense of smell

100
Q

What is the largest part of the human brain?

A

The cerebrum

101
Q

The cerebrum consists of how many cerebral hemispheres and what are these connected by?

A

2 which are connected by the corpus callosum

102
Q

What characterises the cerebral cortex?

A

Layers

103
Q

How thick is the cerebral cortex?

A

2-4mm

104
Q

The type of cortex in the cerebrum is called what?

A

The isocortex or also the neocortex

105
Q

How many layers of cells does the isocortex have?

A

6

106
Q

The allocortex has less than _ layers

A

6

107
Q

The cerebral cortex forms a single deeply folded surface which allows for what?

A

A larger surface area (about 1 square meters)

108
Q

Define gyrus (pl. gyri)

A

A ridge in the cerebral cortex

109
Q

Define sulcus (pl. sulci)

A

A groove

110
Q

The surface of the cerebral cortex is organised into what type of areas?

A

Cortical areas

111
Q

Each cortical area is defined by having a unique combination of how many criteria?

A

3 (or 4)

112
Q

What are the specific criteria for each cortical area?

A
  1. Physiology (function)
  2. Architecture (anatomy)
  3. Connectivity (connections)
  4. (Topography (maps))
113
Q

How many lobes are there in the brain?

A

4

114
Q

What are the 4 lobes?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
115
Q

Which is the smallest of the 4 lobes?

A

the Occipital lobe

116
Q

What is the occipital lobe exclusively concerned with?

A

Visual processing

117
Q

What separates the occipital lobe and the parietal love?

A

The parietal-occipital sulcus

118
Q

Which is the most active lobe?

A

The occipital lobe

119
Q

What separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe?

A

The central sulcus

120
Q

What is the parietal lobe important for?

A
  1. Somatosensory perception
  2. Intersensory integration
  3. Spatial vision
  4. Spatial attention
121
Q

Give an example of somatosensory perception

A

Touch

122
Q

What is intersensory integration from the parietal lobe?

A

Integrates different information from our sense

123
Q

If the parietal is lesioned, what can this lead to?

A

Visual neglect (such as, Gerstmann’s syndrome & Balint’s syndrome)

124
Q

What separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe?

A

The Sylvian fissure

125
Q

Where is the sense of hearing mediated?

A

The superior temporal gyrus (A1)

126
Q

What separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe?

A

By the central sulcus

127
Q

What is the largest lobe?

A

The frontal love

128
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the Frontal lobe?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Impulse control
  3. Decision making
  4. Planning & executing behaviour

PS1060 - Intro to Biological Psychology (10 decks)

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