8 Probe The Effects of Age-Related Hearing Loss on the Brain and Cognitive Function

Question 1

has been identified as potentially the most modifiable risk factor for dementia.

Answer 1

Hearing loss

Question 2

Other word for age related hearing loss

Answer 2

Presbycusis

Question 3

is characterised by gradually developing high-frequency hearing loss, often accompanied by poor speech discrimination, and may begin to surface in the fourth decade of life

Answer 3

ARHL or presbycusis

Question 4

The prevalence of ARHL increases with age, affecting ____of people over 50 years old, rising to ____of people over 70 years

Answer 4

40% , 71%

Question 5

Increased listening effort may lead older adults to avoid social interaction, exacerbating loneliness and depression, and reducing well-being

Answer 5

:(

Question 6

ARHL is attributed to sensory, metabolic, or neural changes in the ____________ which affect hearing ability

Answer 6

Peripheral auditory system

Question 7

Sensory ARHL is characterised by degeneration of _____ and _____ within the cochlea, of which the inner cells are responsible for the transduction of audi- tory signals.

Answer 7

Outer and inner hair cells

Question 8

It has been suggested that degeneration of ___________is often a consequence of accumulated environmental noise exposure rather than of ageing

Answer 8

Basal sensory receptor cells

Question 9

Metabolic (or strial) ARHL is characterised by atrophy of the stria vascularis, on the ______,which is responsible for metabolic processes in the cochlea.

Answer 9

Outer wall of the cochlear duct

Question 10

Auditory perception involves not only peripheral ‘hearing’ and the transduction of sounds but also decoding and comprehension of the auditory message, which occurs in ________ and ________.

Answer 10

Higher brainstem , cortical regions

Question 11

Studies suggest that ageing may impact on _______________ (which cannot be identified by a clinical audiogram), including temporal coding, which involves the synchronisation of neural firing to the temporal fine structure or temporal envelope of sound

Answer 11

Supra threshold auditory process

Question 12

Brainstem neural function can be measured using the

Answer 12

Auditory brainstem response

Question 13

It is possible that age-related supra-threshold temporal processing deficits in the

Answer 13

Brainstem and midbrain

Question 14

The primary auditory cortex, at the bottom of this functional hierarchy located on_______, receives direct information from the cochlea via the ascending auditory pathway.

Answer 14

Heschl’s gyrus

Question 15

dysfunctional neurotransmission as a result of decreased ____levels has been observed in older adults with hearing loss compared with individuals with normal hearing

Answer 15

GABA

Question 16

there is evidence that diminished ___________ volume in the primary auditory cortex is associated with poorer hearing

Answer 16

Grey matter

Question 17

older adults with clinically significant pure-tone hearing loss also display functional differences in ______________ compared with younger adults with normal pure-tone thresholds.

Answer 17

Auditory processing

Question 18

in individuals with hearing loss, there are changes in the organisation of the cortical networks that support __________

Answer 18

Speech perception

Question 19

three brain networks that are known to support auditory perception

Answer 19

Attentional, visual and motor networks.

Question 20

The _____________ network is suggested to be of importance for speech processing in both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired individuals

Answer 20

Cingulo-opercular

Question 21

The cingulo-opercular network involves several brain areas, including the ________, the ______, and the ____, that are thought to be involved in attention, which is advantageous for speech perception

Answer 21

Anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortices and the thalamus

Question 22

individuals with ARHL display reduced volume in the

Answer 22

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Question 23

It has been suggested that impaired auditory processing in ARHL leads to _____________, which depletes the limited resource capacity available for both listening and nonauditory cognitive functions

Answer 23

More effortful listening

Question 24

Researchers have proposed that activation of neural networks involved in effortful listening could contribute to the observed neural degener- ation of these areas in ARHL, including for instance degeneration due to __________

Answer 24

Glutamate excitotoxicity of cingulate neurons

Question 25

There is accumulating evidence that the ________motor cortex is involved in speech perception in young adults, particularly when speech perception is challenging [

Answer 25

Articulatory

Question 26

fMRI data indi- cate that older adults have increased activation of _______________ in a listening task at signal-to-noise ratios ranging from −12 dB to 8 dB, compared with younger adults

Answer 26

Frontal speech motor areas

Question 27

There is evidence for cognitive compensation and neural upregulation across numerous sensory and motor domains, including sensorimotor ageing in _____

Answer 27

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 28

three dominant hypotheses in the ARHL and cognitive decline literature (CIT)

Answer 28

1The common cause hypothesis 2the information degradation hypothesis, 3the sensory deprivation hypothesis

Question 29

This hypothesis suggests that the comorbid manifestation of cognitive decline and ARHL is attributable to a common neurodegenerative pathology

Answer 29

Common cause hypothesis

Question 30

This hypothesis postulates that degraded auditory input, as a result of the impaired auditory periphery, places an increased demand on limited processing resources.

Answer 30

Information degration

Question 31

This hypothesis shares some conceptual points with the information degradation hypothesis, but it distinctively emphasises that chronic reallocation of cognitive resources towards auditory perception over time owing to long-term sensory deprivation in ARHL leads to cognitive decline

Answer 31

Sensory deprivation

Question 32

________ reliance on frontal brain regions during speech perception, as well as _______ grey matter in the auditory cortex with decreased hearing ability

Answer 32

Increased, reduced

Question 33

Indirect effect of hearing loss stated in sensory deprivation hypothesis

Answer 33

Decreased socialization and communication, increased depression