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midterms journal > 5 explo Neutrophils at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity > Flashcards

5 explo Neutrophils at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

most abundant leukocytes in blood

A

neutrophils

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2
Q

the first type of leukocytes to arrive at affected tissues and display potent micro-
bicidal functions

A

neutrophils

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3
Q

they have been classically viewed as the first line of defense.

A

neutrophils

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4
Q

are polymorphonuclear and granular leukocytes
that function as an essential part of the innate immune system. in humans, it contain 50-70% of all circulating leukocytes.

A

neutrophils

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5
Q

average size of mature neutrophils

A

7-10 micrometer (um)

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6
Q

Neutrophils can rapidly move from the blood into sites of infection or inflammation through a process known as the

A

leukocyte adhesion cascade.

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7
Q

neutrophils die by _______ and are eliminated by macrophages.

A

apoptosis

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8
Q

first line of defense

A

neutrophils

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9
Q

are produced from committed hematopoietic progenitor cells in the hematopoietic cords located at venous sinuses in the bone marrow.

A

neutrophils

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10
Q

The CMP cells, in turn, transform into ____________________ which mature into neutrophils

A

granulocyte–monocyte progenitors

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11
Q

The master regulator of both granulopoiesis and neutrophil release
from the bone marrow is ____ which regulates granulopoiesis
by inducing proliferation of granulocytic precursors in the bone
marrow,28 and regulates mature neutrophil release from the bone
marrow by interfering with the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis.26

A

G-CSF

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12
Q

The chemokine _____ (stromal-derived factor-1/SDF-1) is produced by bone mar-
row stromal cells, whereas bone marrow neutrophils express the ______

A

CXCL 12 , CXCR4

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13
Q

Lack of the ______receptor results in severe neutropenia both in mice30

A

G-CSF

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14
Q

what is G-CSF

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a type of growth factor that increases the number of white blood cells in the blood.

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15
Q

Production of G-CSF is regulated by _______ which produce ______

A

γδ T lymphocytes , IL-17

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16
Q

The production of IL-17 is in turn regulated by ____ and ____ producing IL-23.

A

tissue-resident macrophages , dendritic cells (DCs)

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17
Q

during altered conditions, such as bleeding or infections, when extra cells are required the hematopoietic system is capable of rapidly increasing its cellular output. This stress-induced response has been called

A

emergency hematopoiesis.

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18
Q

_____ are considered short-lived cells. Once in the blood, neutrophils present a short circulating half-life of ______ hours in humans

A

neutrophils , 6-8

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19
Q

Mature neutrophils can divide in response to serum amyloid A, and in the spleen a group of neutrophils proliferates and is mobilized to fight a ________________ infection

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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20
Q

Migration of neutrophils into the affected site proceeds through a systematically
controlled process known as

A

leukocyte adhesion cascade

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21
Q

Neutrophil transmigration through the endothelium can take place via

A

paracellular or a transcellular route.

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22
Q

In the _________ route neutrophils move through endothelial cell junctions whereas in the _______ route neutrophils pass directly through the endothelial cell body.

A

paracellular , transcellular

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23
Q

____ are contractile cells located at the abluminal site of small blood vessels and are responsible for controlling capillary permeability.

A

pericytes

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24
Q

Elongation and passage of the uropod between pericytes is regulated mainly by _____

A

β2 integrins

25
Q

Once neutrophils move into tissues, they follow __________ to reach infection or inflammation sites. Some chemoattractans for neutrophils are chemokines, __ __ __

A

chemoattractant gradients, CXCL8 and CXCL2

26
Q

Once neutrophils have completed their antimicrobial functions, they undergo _____.

A

apoptosis

27
Q

Failure to clear these apoptotic cells, results in __________ and release of
products that generate proinflammatory signals.

A

secondary necrosis

28
Q

T/F: Dying neutrophils are believed to be cleared by macrophages in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen

A

TRUE

29
Q

In the liver, resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) are thought to eliminate neutrophils
that die in the ____.

A

vasculature

30
Q

Neutrophils form ____ while fighting certain infections, and this product can leave
the body through the skin.80

A

pus

31
Q

in urinary tract, infections neutrophils can be eliminated in the _____

A

bladder

32
Q

neutrophils are required to protect tissues constantly exposed to the environment such as the ______ and the _______.

A

eye , oral mucosa

33
Q

T/F: Neutrophils migrate to the surface of the eye for cleaning it during the night, and afterward they die in this site

A

TRUE

34
Q

there is a constant migration of neu trophils into the mouth for protection against the ______

A

oral microbiota

35
Q

It was calculated that around _____ neutrophils migrate into the oral
cavity every minute under basal conditions.

A

30 000

36
Q

It was calculated that around _____ neutrophils migrate into the oral
cavity every minute under basal conditions.

A

30 000

37
Q

a sterile tissue injury caused a strong inflammation response with neutrophils transmigrating out of the vasculature to the site of injury. Then, many neutrophils were observed to leave the tissue and reenter the vasculature. This process is known as??

A

reverse transmigration

38
Q

ANTIMICROBIAL MECHANISMS OF NEUTROPHILS

A

degranulation, production of ROS, phagocytosis, and formation of NET

39
Q

four types of granules in neutrophils.

A

Primary or azurophil
granules containing MPO, NE,
azuracidin,
defensins.

40
Q

______ granules are the first to be produced during the development of the neutrophil

A

Azurophil

41
Q

Secondary or specific granules contain ______, which sequesters iron important for microbial growth.

A

lactofferin

42
Q

Secondary granules also contain __________ and _________. Tertiary or gelatinase granules contain gelatinase proteins such as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which is important for degradation of ECM proteins.

A

cathelicidin and metalloproteinases

43
Q

The order of degranulation is as follows:

A

secretory vesicles and tertiary granules > secondary granules > primary granules.

44
Q

Primed neutrophils typically present enhanced generation of ROS by the NADPH oxidase, and it seems that NADPH oxidase-derived ROS are necessary for preventing excessive degranulation of tertiary granules.

A

o

45
Q

Neutrophils activate the ______ to generate large amounts of superoxide, which is as a precursor of H2O2 and other forms of ROS with potent antimicrobial activity.103

A

NADPH oxidase

46
Q

The critical role of NADPH oxidase in controlling microbial infections became evident in individuals with _______________

A

chronic granulomatous disease

47
Q

Patients with chronic granulomatous disease have poor ____ oxidase enzymatic
activity, resulting in life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections.

A

NADPH

48
Q

The activity of the NADPH oxidase can also be regulated by _______ fluxes and by voltage gated proton channels, and chloride channels.

A

calcium

49
Q

large amounts of ____ are produced during neutrophil phagocytosis,

A

superoxide

50
Q

Phagocytosis is a receptor-mediated process during which a particle
larger than 0.5 μm is internalized by the cell into a vacuole called
the____

A

phagosome

51
Q

Neutrophils recognize pathogens through PAMPs or through

A

opsonins

52
Q

NETosis is a dynamic cell death program for neutrophils that is responsible for

A

NET formation

53
Q

T/F: NET are considered a beneficial neutrophil response with the main function of controlling the dissemination of infectious microorganisms.

A

true

54
Q

Neutrophils migrate into lymph nodes close to inflamed tissues via ___ lymphatics.

A

afferent

55
Q

it was found that neutrophils can enter lymph nodes not only via lymphatic vessels but also from ___, across high endothelial venules (HEVs) during infection,159

A

blood

56
Q

Neutrophils can regulate the adaptive immune response by activating or by inhibiting _____ responses.

A

T lymphocyte

57
Q

Neutrophils can also directly modulate _________ activation survival and differentiation by means of secretion of cytokines such as BAFF

A

B lymphocyte

58
Q

Neutrophils produce ______(Arg-1) and store it in azurophilic granules. Release of (Arg-1) in close proximity of lymphocytes inhibits ________ functions.

A

arginase 1, T lymphocyte

59
Q

neutrophils show circadian phenotype changes, in a process known as ___

A

aging

midterms journal (6 decks)

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