8 Explo Age-Related Changes in Astigmatism and Potential Causes

Question 1

causes deterioration of the retinal image and affects vision quality

Answer 1

Astigmatism

Question 2

high degrees of astigmatism in childhood typically decreases with ___

Answer 2

Emmetropization

Question 3

Common astigmatism in young adults

Answer 3

With-the-rule astigmatism

Question 4

One of the main causes of deterioration of the retinal image in uncorrected and corrected eyes.

Answer 4

Astigmatism

Question 5

Astigmatism can also lead to _____ in childhood

Answer 5

Amblyopia

Question 6

Astigmatism is primarily caused by differential magnification in each ____ and _____

Answer 6

Principal meridian of the anterior corneal surface and internal optics

Question 7

Several studies have reported a high prevalence and signi!cant degrees of astigmatism in?

Answer 7

Infants

Question 8

Lower levels of WTR astigmatism are often observed in people older than the age of?

Answer 8

4 years

Question 9

young adults aged 20 to 30 years have shown that ____ astigmatism is common in this age group

Answer 9

with the rule

Question 10

Axis shifts from a predominance of WTR astigmatism to ___ astigmatism in adults older than 40 years old

Answer 10

Against the rule (ATR)

Question 11

Refractive astigmatism increase with age after

Answer 11

50 years

Question 12

Corneal astigmatism was found to be stable until the age of

Answer 12

80 years

Question 13

Previous studies have suggested that astigmatism in infants may be caused by a

Answer 13

Steep cornea

Question 14

Some reports have suggested that age-related changes in corneal physiology may influence the _______ and ______ of the cornea

Answer 14

Elasticity , rigidity

Question 15

the mean radius, axial period, and intermolecular Bragg spacing of collagen !brils were greater in subjects older than _____ years than in younger adults

Answer 15

65

Question 16

Changes in collagen fibrils may be the result of the

Answer 16

Glycation induced cross linking of collagen molecules

Question 17

The ______ exerted on the cornea by the eyelids has been considered a potential factor in the development of corneal astigmatism

Answer 17

Pressure

Question 18

Several studies have suggested that the tightness of the eyelids and the rigidity of the cornea interact to produce ________ and that the diminished eyelid tension caused by age-related ___________ may influence the cornea.

Answer 18

Astigmatism , dermatochalasis

Question 19

the angle of the eyelid !ssure and the corneal cylinder axis and that the flattest corneal meridian tended to be ______ to the angle of the lower eyelid

Answer 19

Aligned parallel

Question 20

The typical shift in the axis of astigmatism from WTR in young adults to ATR with increasing age was explained as a _______ with age, leading to a reduction in WTR astigmatism

Answer 20

Reduction in lid tension

Question 21

The presence of a _______ in the eyelid has been shown to cause signi!cant changes in corneal topography and astigmatism and surgical removal can lead to resolution of the corneal changes.

Answer 21

Chalazion

Question 22

patients with _______ have a higher degree of corneal astigmatism that seems to decrease after surgery.

Answer 22

Congenital ptosis

Question 23

patients with blepharo- spasm found a reduction in WTR astigmatism from pretreatment levels 1 month after an injection of ________

Answer 23

Botulinum toxin type A

Question 24

A gene that is strongly associated with the corneal curvature

Answer 24

PDGFRA gene

Question 25

PDGFR-alpha binds to

Answer 25

PDGF-AA
PDGF-AB
PDGF-BB

Question 26

astigmatism is typically ___ in younger individuals and typically shifts toward ___ in later life

Answer 26

WTR, ATR