5 probe RBC in thrombosis

Question 1

is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide.

Answer 1

Thrombosis

Question 2

typically associated with plaque rupture that
triggers accumulation of platelets into platelet-rich (“white”) clots.

Answer 2

Arterial thrombosis

Question 3

is associated with endothelial dysfunction
and blood stasis that result in the formation of fibrin- and red blood cell(RBC)-rich (“red”) clots.

Answer 3

Venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary
embolism collectively VTE)

Question 4

the most abundant blood cell in humans

Answer 4

Red Blood Cells

Question 5

T/F: Epidemiologic studies have detected associations between elevatedhematocrit and arterial thrombosis.The largest of these found the riskof cardiovascular disease (CVD) is more than twofold greater in high-versus low-hematocrit groups.

Answer 5

true

Question 6

Study observed a _____ increase in major ischemic heart disease in individuals with high hematocrit, even after adjusting for age, physical activity, cholesterol, body mass index, and smoking.

Answer 6

30% increase

Question 7

_______ risk is also increased in apparently healthy
young children with iron-deficiency anemia.

Answer 7

ischemic stroke

Question 8

Patients with _______ secondary to myeloproliferative neoplasia have increased risk of both arterial thrombosis and VTE, and 20% of polycythemia vera (PV) patients have ________ as the presenting symptom.

Answer 8

erythrocytosis, thrombosis

Question 9

Diseases involving qualitative RBC defects

Answer 9

abnormal size, shape, and/or viscoelastic properties,

Question 10

Arterial thrombi arise in vessels with ________, which promotes the rapid formation of platelet-rich thrombi During arterial thrombosis,

Answer 10

high shear rates

Question 11

arterial thrombosis promotes platelet:

Answer 11

Margination
Adhesion
Aggregation
Activation

Question 12

form slowly in stasis or low flow (frequently in venous valve pockets) and
are RBC and fibrin rich.

Answer 12

Venous thrombosis

Question 13

In disease states, abnormal RBCs and RBC-derived micro vesicles may also adhere to the ___________________ , activate platelets and other cells, and enhance local thrombin generation during thrombosis.

Answer 13

endothelium or extracellular matrix

Question 14

potential contribution of arterial thrombosis

Answer 14

Increase Blood Viscosity
Adhere to Vessel Wall
Promote Platelet: Margination Adhesion Aggregation Activation

Question 15

potential contribution of venous thrombosis

Answer 15

Increase Blood Viscosity
Aggregate (Rouleaux)
Adhere to Vessel Wall
Promote Thrombin Generation
Increase Thrombus Size
Reduce Thrombus: Permeability Dissolution

Question 16

Sickle Cell Disease patients have clinically apparent strokes by
age ______ , ;50% of which are ischemic.

Answer 16

45 years

Question 17

studies consistently show that SCD/trait patients have two to fourfold increased risk of _______

Answer 17

pulmonary embolism.

Question 18

Thrombosis is also common in patients with _____________________, a disorder marked by complement-mediated RBC hemolysis, and accounts for 40% to 67% of deaths.

Answer 18

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Question 19

are the primary determinants of blood viscosity.

Answer 19

RBC

Question 20

elevated hematocrit is correlated with increased _________

Answer 20

blood viscosity.

Question 21

At ____ (arterial) shear rates, transient deformation of RBCs reduces
_________.

Answer 21

high , blood viscosity

Question 22

at ___ (venous) shear rates, slow movement of blood coupled with discoid RBC morphology allows electrostatic interactions to promote RBC aggregation into stacked
“rouleaux” structures, which increase ___________.

Answer 22

low , blood viscosity

Question 23

Intact RBCs can directly adhere to the _________ or ________
matrix or bind through interactions with other blood proteins and/or
cells, including neutrophils and platelets.

Answer 23

endothelium , subendothelial

Question 24

receptors of SCD in these adhesive interactions which may particularly contribute to venous occlusion.

Answer 24

erythroid Lutheran blood
group/basal cell adhesion molecule,
integrin a4Bb1,
CD36,
sulfate glycolipids
intercellular adhesion molecule-4, and phosphatidylserine

Question 25

ligands in SCD which may particularly contribute to venous occlusion.

Answer 25

b3 integrins
thrombospondin
laminin
fibronectin
fibrin[ogen])

Question 26

A subset of normal, circulating RBCs, as well as RBC-MVs, have exposed _____________ on their outer membranes, and extracellular histones can increase RBC phosphatidylserine exposure.

Answer 26

phosphatidylserine

Question 27

can activate the contact pathway and support thrombin generation

Answer 27

RBC phosphatidylserine

Question 28

SCD patients are high in

Answer 28

RBC phosphatidylserine exposure and RBC-MVs

Question 29

this interaction is a key mediator of erythrocyte sedimentation and blood viscosity.

Answer 29

binding of RBC to fibrinogen

Question 30

During platelet-mediated clot contraction, RBCs within thrombi are compressed into __________ that permit tight packing and reduce clot permeability. Thus, RBCs may delay access of thrombolytic enzymes to the clot and consequently prolong thrombus resolution.

Answer 30

(“polyhedrocytes”) shapes

Question 31

blocking the interaction between RBCs and fibrin(ogen) or the endothelium may reduce VTE by preventing RBC aggregation and adhesion,

Answer 31

VTE (Venous thromboembolism)

Question 32

The discovery that factor _______ mediates RBC retention in venous thrombi81 suggests that inhibiting ___________ may reduce thrombus size and accelerate VTE resolution.

Answer 32

XIII(a) , factor XIII(a)