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PSYC 322 > 8. Personality > Flashcards

8. Personality Flashcards

1
Q

what is trait theory?

A

the assumption that the organization of traits guide the individual’s behaviour
- big five traits
- hexaco 6

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2
Q

what does the radical contextual perspective say about personality stability?

A
  • the situation determines our personality
  • personality traits are highly prone to change over time and highly unstable
    • stability coefficients are low
  • not a lot of support for this idea
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3
Q

what does the biological essentialist perspective say about personality stability?

A
  • personality is most likely the product of genetic rather than environmental influences
  • personality traits are highly immutable and stable over time
    • stability coefficients are high
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4
Q

what does the compromise perspective say about personality stability?

A
  • personality is moderately stable and can change significantly throughout the lifespan
  • lots of different perspectives within this view
    • personality changes occur before the age of 30 and remains fairly stable afterward
    • similar-sized changes occur before and after age 30
    • stability increases until the 50s
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5
Q

what do twin studies tell us about the genetic basis of personality?

A
  • about 50% of measured personality diversity can be attributed to genetic diversity
  • correlations are higher for monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins
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6
Q

what is mean level change?

A
  • reflects whether a group of people increases or decreases on trait dimensions over time (on average)
  • also called normative change
  • may be influenced by biological causes or shaped by social/historical processes
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7
Q

how do mean levels of the big five traits change over time?

A
  • mean levels of emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness increase as we age
  • inverted U-shape for openness
  • different aspects of extraversion increase (social dominance) while others decrease (social vitality)
  • largest change occurs during early adulthood, but continue through adulthood
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8
Q

what is the correspondence principle?

A
  • people experience particular life events that reflect their personality traits
  • once these events occur, they further affect people’s personalities
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9
Q

what is rank order consistency?

A
  • quantifies the degree to which individual differences are maintained over time
  • relative positions along the traits in comparison with their age peers
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10
Q

what is the rank order consistency for the big five traits over time?

A
  • individual differences in personality are consistent in adulthood (most stability coefficients > .60)
  • differential stability increases quickly from adolescence to 30-40, slows, then peaks from 60-70
  • peak is followed by decline in the very old
  • shorter intervals between measures show greater consistency than longer intervals
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11
Q

what is a type A behaviour pattern and how does it affect health?

A
  • highly competitive, impatient, time-urgency, and achievement oriented
    • is a risk factor for heart disease, especially when paired with hostility
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12
Q

what is type D personality and how does it affect health?

A
  • high levels of anxiety, loneliness, and depression who try to suppress their feelings
    • also a risk factor for heart disease, and leads to more distress when they develop it
    • have extreme social inhibition and fear new situations
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13
Q

how do the big five traits affect health?

A
  • agreeableness has seen to play a protective role for heart health
  • conscientiousness is related to lower body fat, healthier metabolic, cardiovascular and inflammatory markers, and better performance on physical assessments
  • people higher in conscientiousness engaged in more preventive behaviours and fewer high‐risk health behaviours
  • conscientiousness plays a direct role in heart health through its relationship to stress
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14
Q

what big five traits relate to verbal fluency?

A

individuals with lower neuroticism and higher extraversion, openness, and conscientious have higher verbal fluency scores

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15
Q

how do people’s emotions and motivations change over time (based on the socioemotional selectivity theory)?

A
  • socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) - the view that people seek to maximize the positive emotions they experience in their relationships
  • relationships provide two types of rewards; informational rewards, and emotional rewards (positive feelings)
    • as we age, we prioritize emotional rewards more than informational ones
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16
Q

what are cognitive self-theories?

A

propose that people regard events in their lives from the standpoint of how relevant these are to their own sense of self

17
Q

what is the possible selves theory?

A
  • proposes that the individual’s view of the self (self‐schema) guides their choices
  • self‐conceptions about the person you will be in the future continue to shift as you develop throughout adulthood
  • people are motivated to strive for an ideal possible self
  • when faced with negative self-evaluations, we sometimes alter our “ideal” possible self to protect us
18
Q

what is problem-focused vs. emotion-focused coping?

A
  • problem-focused coping - people attempt to reduce their stress by changing something about the situation
  • emotion‐focused coping - people attempt to reduce their stress by changing the ways they think about the situation
19
Q

how do we decide what type of coping method to use?

A
  • need to choose which type of coping based on how much control we have over the situation
    • if we can control it, use problem-focused, if we can’t, use emotion-focused
  • belief in their own coping resources can help older individuals approach stressful situations more effectively
20
Q

what is identity process theory?

A
  • goal of development is adaptation to the environment by maintaining a balance between maintaining consistency of the self (identity assimilation) and changing in response to experiences (identity accommodation)
  • older people increasingly rely on identity assimilation to maintain their positive self-esteem
21
Q

what is the importance of using identity assimilation as we age?

A
  • individuals who used identity assimilation with regard to age-related changes had higher self‐esteem than people who used identity accommodation
    • they did not think about these changes or integrate them into their identities
  • people who use identity balance and identity assimilation have higher self-esteem than people who use identity accommodation
  • older adults who avoid adopting negative views of aging lived 7.5 years longer than others

PSYC 322 (14 decks)

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