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PSYC 322 > 14. Successful Aging > Flashcards

14. Successful Aging Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 themes that people tend to value at the end of life?

A
  1. clear decision making
  2. pain and symptom management
  3. affirmation of the whole person
  4. preparation for death
  5. contributing to others
  6. completion
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2
Q

how does clear decision making contribute to a good death?

A
  • means that they’ve maintained cognitive capacity
  • being involved in treatment decisions
  • discussing treatment decisions well in advance
    • good decisions don’t happen in times of crisis
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3
Q

how does pain and symptom management contribute to a good death?

A
  • avoiding aggressive cure focused therapies
  • peaceful and calm
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4
Q

how does affirmation of the whole person contribute to a good death?

A
  • patients are understood by health care providers in the context of their lives, values, and preferences
  • personal relationships between patient, family and doctors
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5
Q

how does preparation for death contribute to a good death?

A
  • knowledge of what to expect as condition worsens
  • wills are complete
  • funeral arrangements are made
  • obituary is written
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6
Q

what is completion and how does it contribute to a good death?

A

deep importance of spirituality of meaningfulness at the end of life
- reviewing one’s life
- spending time with family & friends
- resolving conflicts
- saying goodbye
- prayer

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7
Q

how does contributing to others contribute to a good death?

A
  • imparting wisdom
  • comforting others
  • giving gifts (present & future)
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8
Q

what are the three limitations in attempting the differentiate between “normal” and pathological aging?

A
  1. there is great variability within normal cognitive and physical aging
  2. “normal/usual” suggest no risk, but some people are more at risk than others
  3. “normal/usual” aging suggests all aspects of aging are natural and not modifiable
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9
Q

what are the primary aspects of Rowe and Kahn’s idea of successful aging?

A
  • focus on activity, not capacity
  • model is hierarchical
    1. avoiding disease and disability
    2. high cognitive and physical function
    3. active engagement with life
  • shifted perceptions on aging and encouraged adoption of new preventative approach
  • highlighted that growth can occur in later life
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10
Q

what are some criticisms of Rowe and Kahn’s idea of successful aging?

A
  • low prevalence of successful aging
  • missing concepts
  • missing voices of older people
  • assumptions and biases
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11
Q

how prevalent is successful aging with Rowe and Kahn’s criteria?

A
  • we are born with risk of disease and disability
  • 11.9% would be successful according to R&W’s biomedical model
  • with relaxed criteria, only 20-33% would be successful
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12
Q

what are some missing predictors of successful aging?

A
  • spirituality
  • marital satisfaction and status
  • positive (not pathological) health
    • despite disease/disability, is the person trying to be healthy
  • leisure activity
  • well-being and quality of life
  • personal fulfillment
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13
Q

how is successful aging seen differently by elderly voices?

A
  • 50% of people think they are successfully aging, but only 18.8% are actually considered aging successfully
  • life satisfaction is seen as a precursor for successful aging
    • life satisfaction involves physical activity, income, health, social interactions
    • successful aging involves aspects of life satisfaction + sense of purpose, self-acceptance, personal growth, environmental mastery
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14
Q

what are some broader critiques of Rowe and Kahn’s idea of successful aging?

A
  • overly narrow focus on the individual’s behaviours and attributes (ignores sociocultural context and inequality)
  • says its the individual (not the state’s) responsibility for maintaining physical and cognitive function
    - less focus on the state’s responsibility to:
    - increase social security
    - improve accessibility
    - improve ‘health’ conditions
  • perpetuates ageism and ableism by saying success = no disease/disability
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15
Q

what is active aging?

A
  • process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age
    • focuses more on role of autonomy and independence rather than if the individual needs physical accommodations due to disability
  • now referred to as active and health aging (AHA)
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16
Q

what is the expanded criteria for successful aging based on AHA and Rowe/Kahn?

A
  1. physical well‐being (frailty and age‐adjusted cognitive performance)
  2. mental well‐being (satisfaction with life and no depressive symptoms)
  3. social well‐being (satisfaction with social activities)
  4. low scores on a standard measure of loneliness in addition to actual social support
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17
Q

what is successful cognitive aging?

A
  • defined as cognitive performance that is above average for an individual’s age group as objectively measured
  • superagers - individuals 80+ with episodic memory that is comparable to, or superior than, middle aged adults
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18
Q

what are some factors contributing to superior cognitive performance?

A
  • higher cortical thickness
  • greater brain plasticity
  • higher density in white matter (activated inflammatory response that protects white matter)
  • improved default network connectivity
  • faster encoding
  • “super-aging” phenotype
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19
Q

what is resilience aging?

A
  • focus on patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant risk or adversity
  • achievable by many regardless of social, cultural background, or physical/cognitive impairment
20
Q

what is harmonious aging?

A
  • wisdom of handling opportunities and challenges
  • acknowledgment of the aging body, physical and functional changes, leads to a peaceful mind
  • interdependence amongst people
21
Q

does thinking that we are younger increase physical functioning, memory and cognition?

A
  • group of older men asked to imagine they are 20 years younger and in 1959

showed a number of improvements…
- more flexible
- greater dexterity
- sat taller
- looked younger
- better eyesight

22
Q

what are some criticisms on the study done to see if thinking we are younger improves our abilities?

A
  • there may have been demand characteristics
  • may have been motivation to perform better because they saw other people trying
  • duration of effect was not clear
  • hasn’t been replicated or peer reviews
  • puts blame on the person for aging
23
Q

how negative are peoples’ beliefs of aging?

A
  • as time goes on, older people are described more negatively in text
  • there is a big difference between what we expect to experience as we age, and what is reality
24
Q

what is stereotype embodiment?

A
  • proposes that stereotypes are embodied when their assimilation from the surrounding culture leads to self-definitions
  • later influences functioning and health
  • happens in two directions…
    1. top-down - we hear stereotypes from society and culture
    2. over time - we hear stereotypes throughout our lifetime and become old, stereotypes become self-definitions
25
Q

what is the negative impact of stereotype embodiment?

A
  • those with positive self perceptions of aging have less of a decline in functional health
  • positive self perceptions → more perceived control → better functional health
  • people who had more negative age stereotypes were more likely to have a cardiovascular event over the next 28 years
  • positive self perceptions of aging → on average, an extra 7.5 years of life
26
Q

what is the process of stereotype embodiment?

A

stereotypes
1. become internalized across the lifespan
2. gain salience from self-relevance as the person gets older (self-identifying)
3. can operate unconsciously
4. impact multiple pathways (mood, physical health, etc)

27
Q

what is the difference between age stereotypes and other stereotypes?

A
  • they are more likely to be internalized into self-stereotypes
    may result from…
  • transition from privileged group to marginalized group as we age
  • lack of egalitarian thinking
    • reduces the likelihood of defending self-perceptions from negative stereotypes
    • because we internalize the stereotypes
28
Q

what do age friendly cities enable older people to do?

A
  • age safely in a place that is right for them
  • be free from poverty
  • continue to develop personally
  • to contribute to their communities while retaining autonomy, health and dignity
29
Q

what are some aspects of age friendly cities?

A
  • outdoor areas and public buildings are safe and accessible
  • housing is affordable, safe and well designed for seniors
  • roads, walkways and transportation are accessible & in good shape
  • health and community support services are available
  • opportunities for seniors to be socially active exist
  • seniors can take part in volunteer, political and employment positions
30
Q

what are some simple changes that can be implemented in a city to make them more age friendly?

A
  • pedestrian lights that last longer
  • walkways that are rubber to help people with mobility issues
  • more frequent placements of park benches
  • frequency of bus stops, better transportation
  • programs that encourage social interaction, especially intergenerational interaction
31
Q

what is the social indicator model of well-being?

A
  • states that demographic and social structural variables account for individual differences in levels of well‐being
  • by demographic standards, older individuals are in a disadvantaged position and should be less happy than young people
31
Q

what is the paradox of well-being?

A
  • older adults maintain high subjective well‐being despite facing challenges from their objective circumstances
  • contradicts the belief that well-being is determined by social indicators or objective measures of social and economic welfare
32
Q

why might older adults be happier than we would expect?

A
  • older adults may have developed coping skills over their lifetime
  • cohort effects: current generations grew up with different expectations about what their lives would be like
  • paradox of wellbeing may reflect a survival effect, older adults who survive are more optimistic
33
Q

what is the set-point perspective? is it supported by research?

A
  • proposes that people’s personalities influence their level of well‐being throughout life
    • research on happiness as a predictor of longevity does not support this approach
    • unhappy people are more likely to die relatively early in life but there appeared to be no relationship between longevity and subjective well‐being afterwards
34
Q

what is the communicative ecology model of successful aging (CEMSA)?

A
  • the way older adults see and talk about themselves can influence they feel about aging and their ability to age successfully
    • people are uncertain about aging which influences the way they talk about their own aging
    • communication strategies they use in response to this uncertainty can alter their levels of self‐efficacy about aging
35
Q

what are some good strategies for the communicative ecology model of successful aging?

A
  1. express optimism about aging
  2. don’t use aging as reason for problems
  3. avoid applying age stereotypes to self and others
  4. plan for the future
  5. let others know ageism isn’t acceptable
  6. don’t be tempted by antiaging products
36
Q

how is creativity related to openness?

A
  • individuals higher in openness to experience show greater activation of brain regions involved in maintaining cognitive flexibility
    • positive association between scores on the creativity facet of openness to experience and lower risk of mortality
37
Q

how is creativity related to the default mode network and executive function?

A
  • connection between the default mode network and executive functions may be related to creativity
    • default network: supports the stage at which individuals come up with new ideas
    • executive control: evaluating the quality of these ideas
38
Q

what is the planck hypothesis?

A

tendency of peak scientific productivity to occur in early adulthood (30-35)

39
Q

what is creative potential?

A

total number of works that a person could hypothetically produce in a life span with no upper limits

40
Q

what is career age? how can it predict when a person will peak in creative potential?

A
  • age at which an individual began to produce creative works
  • people with similar high degrees of creative potential who start out early in life will peak earlier than those who start out later
41
Q

what is the equal odds rule?

A

creative individuals who produce more works are more likely to produce one or more of high quality than those who produce fewer works

42
Q

what is the blind variation and selective retention (BVSR) theory?

A

proposes that true creativity requires producing a large number of ideas in trial‐and‐error fashion, the best (most creative) of which will remain

43
Q

what are the characteristics of old age style in creative works that older artists and writers produce?`

A
  • more expressive, less realistic
  • accumulation of symbolism
  • more freedom in use of paint strokes
  • richer in meaning
  • more pessimistic view of life
  • sense of isolation
44
Q

how does the biopsychosocial perspective apply to creativity and aging?

A

biological:
- physical changes and disease
- activation of relevant brain regions

psychological:
- personality flexibility and openness
- ability to draw from experience

sociocultural:
- educational background
- exclusion of women and minorities

PSYC 322 (14 decks)

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