8. Neurulation and Neural Crest Flashcards
When are the Central Nervous System and Neural Crest cells developing?
Week 3
How does the notochord induce the neural plate?
Release of Sonic Hedgehog
What are the steps of Neurulation?
(Try to describe it to yourself)
Notocord releases Sonic Hedgehog
Neural Plate is induced
Neural Plate folds inward to form the Neural Fold, and then the Neural Groove
The the Neural Groove pinches off to become the Neural Tube, and the Neural Crest pinches off to float above it.
The Neural Crest cells migrate away.
After Neurulation, what three types of Ectoderm are we left with?
- Neural Ectoderm
(Neural Plate → Folds → Tube)
- Surface Ectoderm
The Ectoderm that is left on top after the neural ectoderm enters the mesoderm layer
- Neural Crest
What is the clinical significance of the number of somites in an embryo?
You can tell how old the embryo is with ultrasound by counting the number of somites.
On what day does the Rostral Neural Pore close?
Day 25
On what day does the Caudal Neuropore close?
Day 28
What is Primary vs Secondary Neurulation?
Primary Neurulation is the complete formation (and closure) of the Neural Tube for the Brain, Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar regions.
Secondary Neurulation is the fusion of the Caudal Eminance with the Caudal Neuropore (gives rise to the sacral and coccygeal regions of the spinal cord)
What regions of the embryo primarily have the Neural Crest cells present?
Cranial and Trunk Regions
What type of neurons do the Neural Crest cells give rise to?
Sensory neurons
What specific structures do Neural Crest cells give rise to?
(Just an overview)
Dorsal Root Ganglia (sensory)
Sensory Cranial Nerves (5,7,9,10)
Autonomic Ganglia
Schwann Cells (neurilemma) / Satellite cells
Pia / Arachnoid mater
Melanocytes
Cromaffin Cells of Adrenal Glands
Bone and Cartilage of the Face
Aortic arches
Enamel and Dentin of the Teeth
What do we call diseases related to the Neural Crest?
Neurocrisopathies
What is Hirschsprung’s Disease?
A Neurocristopathy where an infant can develop Megacolon
(no autonomic innervation to the colon)
What is the common cause for all forms of Spina Bifida?
Failure of the Caudal Neural Pore to close at the appropriate time
List the defining characteristics for
Spina Bifida Occulta
Spina Bifida Occulta
Incomplete formation of the vertebral lamina and a gap where the spinus process should be.
Caudal Neural Pore closed too slowly
Common (10% of the population)
Hair on lower back sometimes