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fdsc 406 > 8. Lipids > Flashcards

8. Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

major types of dietary lipids

A

fatty acids

  • saturated fats
  • mono/polyunsaturated fats
  • trans fats

Sterols

  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
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2
Q

omega fatty acid naming

A
  • small w-ish thing (look at pg 6)

- position of first double bond from methyl end

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3
Q

linoleic acid naming

A
  • delta sign (ex: cis-delta^9)
  • each double bond is indicated by a delta sign and a number
    begins from carboxylic acid side
  • omega-6
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4
Q

What is the starting material for fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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5
Q

What are the steps in fatty acid synthesis? What enzyme is responsible for this process?

A
  • it’s a series of cytosolic reactions beginning with Acetyl-CoA and resulting in Malonyl-CoA
  • Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase are enzymes responsible for process
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6
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A
  • the body doesn’t produce them but they are required for metabolism
  • humans don’t have delta 12 and delta 15 desaturase (linoleic and linolenic acids are essential fatty acids)
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7
Q

Health benefits of EPA and DHA

A

They’re linked to healthy aging throughout life (omega-3 fatty acids)

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8
Q

Why is it hard for Americans to get sufficient amounts of EPA and DHA?

A

The best source is fish, but a lot of Americans don’t eat fish

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9
Q

Arachidonic Acid

A
  • 20 carbon, omega-6 fatty acid
  • important in the function of the brain, liver, and muscles
  • involved in regulation of signaling enzymes
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10
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Signaling molecules made by the oxidation of twenty carbon essential fatty acids

  • control inflammation and immunity
  • CNS messengers
  • Derived from omega 3 and 6 EPA’s
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11
Q

Cyclooxygenase

what kind of drugs affect it

A

Enzyme responsible for the formation of prostanoids

  • subclass of eicosanoids
  • NSAIDS like ASPIRIN inhibit this enzyme to reduce inflammation
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12
Q

Triglyceride components

A

3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone via ester bonds

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13
Q

Phospholipid components

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to a glycerol backbone

  • found in membranes due to their bilayer formation
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14
Q

What is the starting material for cholesterol synthesis?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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15
Q

What is the rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis?

A

The HMG-CoA Reductase reaction (HMG-CoA is a rate limiting enzyme)

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16
Q

Lipitor

A

Statin drug that inhibits HMG-CoA reductase (rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis)

17
Q

What is the major enzyme involved in triglyceride digestion?

A

Pancreatic lipase

- hydrolyzes and cleaves the fatty acids from the glycerol in triglyceride digestion

18
Q

Function of bile salts and where do they come from

A
  • they form mycelles which help solubilize lipids to aid in absorption
  • made by the liver, and stored in the gall bladder
19
Q

What is beta-oxidation and where does it occur?

A
  • the process of fatty acid oxidation
  • occurs in the mitochondria
  • breaks fatty acids down into Acetyl-CoA
  • produces NADH+H and FADH
20
Q

What are Ketone Bodies? When are they formed, and what’s their role?

A
  • produced during atypical metabolic scenarios (uncontrolled diabetes, pregnancy, starvation)
  • formed from oxidation of fatty acids and the conversion of amino acids
  • provide source of energy for the body
21
Q

Why do people with high ketone bodies have bad breath?

A
  • a product of ketone bodies is acetone formation

- this is then volatilized in the lungs and expired

22
Q

Why do people with uncontrolled Type I diabetes have high levels of ketone bodies?

A
  • type 1 diabetes produces high levels of ketone bodies (because their insulin levels are too low to transport glucose)
  • means they have to get energy from a different source
  • causes production of lots of ketone bodies
23
Q

Ketoacidosis symptoms

A
  • bad breath (from acetone production)
  • High blood glucose levels
  • High ketone levels in urine
  • thirst and dry mouth
  • frequent urination
  • tired feeling
  • dry or flushed skin
  • hard time breathing
  • lack of attention
24
Q

Lipoprotein components

A
  • made up of proteins and lipids (typically cholesterol)
  • allows fats to move through water inside and outside the cells
  • They’re lipid emulsifiers
25
Q

Chylomicron (lipoprotein)

A
  • absorb diet-derived triglycerides and cholesterol

- transports them into the blood

26
Q

VLDL (lipoprotein)

A
  • transports dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body
  • produced in the liver to transport endogenously produced triglycerides and cholesterol to the peripheral tissues
27
Q

IDL (lipoprotein)

A
  • found in blood stream

- aids in transport of triglycerides and cholesterol around the body

28
Q

HDL (lipoprotein)

A
  • produced in liver

- transports cholesterol to the liver from the body

29
Q

LDL (lipoprotein)

A
  • transports cholesterol to the arteries and the rest of the body
30
Q

Role of LDL cholesterol in atherosclerosis?

A

LDL is the transport that leaves the cholesterol and triglyceride accumulated on the artery walls (causing atherosclerosis)

31
Q

What is a foam cell?

A

macrophages which have engulfed large amounts of fatty substances (usually cholesterol)

32
Q

Why does atherosclerosis kill you?

A
  • causes lesions in the main arteries of the body
  • cause closure of the lumen, which then causes the blood supply to weaken and become insufficient
  • full arterial blockage can be lethal
33
Q

Why is HDL-cholesterol “good” cholesterol?

A
  • it takes cholesterol and fatty-acids from your arteries back to your liver
  • prevents heart attacks and plaque buildup
34
Q

Recommendations for fat

A
  • avoid trans fats completely
  • limit cholesterol to 200-300 mg per day
  • consume less than 10 percent calories from sat fat
  • keep total fat between 20-35 percent of total calories
35
Q

Diet-Health Hypothesis

A

sat fat raises blood cholesterol which then raises chance for a heart attack

36
Q

What are the metabolic effects of consuming too many trans fats?

A
  • raises LDL and lowers HDL

- raises risk of coronary heart disease

fdsc 406 (10 decks)

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