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*neuroendocrine exam 3 > 8. Learning and Memory (Karius) > Flashcards

8. Learning and Memory (Karius) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Working Memory?

A

recalling a fact or memory for use, similar to short term memory (long-term memory that we bring back into working knowledge)

-however, neural mechanism for working, short term and long term memory all differ

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2
Q

What is Declarative (explicit) Memory? Describe the 2 subtypes

A

conscious recognition/recollection of learned facts and memories/experiences

  1. episodic: memory of events
  2. semantic: memory of words, language, rules
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3
Q

What is procedural (implicit/non-declaractive/reflexive) memory? What areas help facilitate this?

A

skills and habits that have been used so often that they are automatic

  1. Cerebellum: motor skills
  2. Nucleus accumbens: non-motor
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4
Q

What is post-tetanic potentiation ?

A

increased activity increases amount of calcium in pre-synaptic terminal, increases NTM release

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5
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

changes in both pre and post synaptic responses to NTM release so that the same NTM release creates a larger response (on NMDA receptors). Lasts for hours.

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6
Q

What is CREB?

A

changes in synapse structure (permanent) and creation of new synapses via protein synthesis

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7
Q

Step 1 of Declarative Memory:Encoding

A
  • attending to new info with focus and attention
  • linking it to previous memories
  • emotion is important here
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8
Q

Step 2 in creating a Declarative Memory: Storage

A
  • retention of information over time, starts in short term memory
  • short term memory is located in the hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, and prefrontal cortex
  • LTP in these areas allows us to store information
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9
Q

Step 3 in creating a Declarative Memory: Consolidation

A
  • makes memory permanent
  • involves physical changes in synaptic structure
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10
Q

Step 4 of creating a Declarative Memory: retrieval

*define and name the pathway

A
  • recalling or using the memory , bringing to working memory
  • can be modified or lost at this point
    1. sent to parahippocampus first
    2. hippocampus where it is reconstructed
    3. back to the parahippocampus on its way to the cortex (PH important for proloning the life of the memory)
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11
Q

What are the 3 loops and their locations used in working memory when retrieving memories?

A
  1. central executive-prefrontal cortex
  2. phonological loop-broca’s and wernicke’s
  3. visuospacial loop-occipital cortex associated with vision
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12
Q

anatomical substrates for consolidation in declarative memory formation

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. temporal lobe
  3. papez circuit
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13
Q

Describe spatial memory

A
  • detailed memory of where info is stored is in the hippocampus using pyramidal cells in CA1 (Place cells)
  • serves as a scaffold for reconstruction of the entire memory
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14
Q

What is the location and function of place cells?

A
  • location: hippocampus (CA1)
  • activated at specific locations, strongly activated if the memory location is associated with reward
  • final mediator of spatial memory
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15
Q

What are Grid cells? What is their location?

A
  • location: entorhinal cortex
  • active when exploring an area, b/c creates a grid map of the space you are in
  • triangular or hexagonal grid of the area
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16
Q

What are head direction cells?

What are border cells?

A

which direction is the head pointing to see/explore the area

fire when near a border, wall, etc.

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17
Q

Describe spatial memory and the importance in long term memory

A

spatial map in hippocampus codes for the physical space of the memory

place neurons in CA1 respond to specific locations within the space

this map anchors the entire memory

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18
Q

what type of memory is used for recalling info for a test?

A

working

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19
Q

what type of memory are you using while learning and studying?

A

declarative- facts you learned for the test, event of info stored in memory

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20
Q

what type of memory is used for things like writing or riding a bike?

A

procedural

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21
Q

what is necessary for production of memories and learning?

A

neuronal and synpatic plasticity

22
Q

what is plasticity?

A

altering synaptic function/physical structure of neurons (include more synapses or new branches to new cells)

23
Q

how does changes in plasticity change synpatic functioning?

A
  1. long-term potentiation
  2. post-tatanic potentiation
24
Q

how does changes in plasticity change neuronal structure?

A
  1. gain/loss of synapses
  2. structure changes in dendrites
  3. change structure of soma of neuron
25
Q

what conditions are needed for post-tetanic stimulation?

A
  1. brief, high freq discharge of pre-syn neuron
  2. increase in NT release for ~ 60 sec
  3. increase probability of AP in post-synaptic cell
26
Q

what is long-term potentiation? give an example of the process

A

series of changes in pre- and post-synaptic neurons of a synapse which lead to increase response to released NT (usually in response to strong stim)

example: NT binds, increase IC Ca+, activates:
1. calmodulin=increase AC/cAMP=phospho AMPA rec=increase Na+ influx
2. Calcineurin=+NOS=NO prod=increases cGMP and NT release in pre-syn cell
- Associated w/ gene transcription related to increased CREB

27
Q

what is neuronal plasticity? what proteins are produced (3)?

A

Gene transcription related to increase CREB in pre and post-syn cells

-proteins produce: NT synthetic enzymes, NT rec, proteins for growth/synapse formation

28
Q

What are the general overview steps for creating declarative (explicit) memories?

A
  1. encoding
  2. storage info
  3. consolidation
  4. retrieval
29
Q

location of anatomical substrates for short term memory?

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. parahippocampal cortex
  3. prefrontal cortex

LTP in these areas allows us to store info

30
Q

how are short-term memories formed?

A

interconnections to neocortex and amygdala via nucleus basalis of meynert (cholinergic projections, particular target in Alzheimers)

31
Q

How are short term memories converted to long term memories?

A

the memory is repeatedly sent thru papez circuit inducing LTP and neuronal plasticity until the Limbic system is no longer required to access the memory, instead it is stored as a long term memory in the cortex related to it’s modality

Continuous loop of

  1. hypothalamus/mammillary bodies
  2. anterior thalamus
  3. cingulate cortex
  4. hippocampus
32
Q

where are long term memories stored?

A

area of cortex related to modality

-ex: visual info stored in visual cortex

33
Q

anatomical substrates needed for retrieval in creating declarative (explicit) memories?

A
  1. neocortex
  2. parahippocampal regions
  3. hippocampus
34
Q

what inputs to space cells receive?

A
  1. grid cells: create map of place you are in
  2. head direction cells
  3. border neurons
    - others
35
Q

What proteins are being synthesized in greater amounts after learning? Many, but the 3 she mentioned

A
  1. receptors for NT
  2. proteins associated w/ synapse
  3. NT syn

These increase rec at synapse and form new synapses

36
Q

long-term memories rely on extensive production of what?

A

new synapses within cortex for memory storage

37
Q

physiological substrates for short term memory

A

LTP

sensitization

38
Q

consolidating memory from short to long term requires what anatomical substrated?

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. temporal lobes
  3. limbic, papex circuit
39
Q

what is the baddeleys 3 component model for recalling a memory, via working model? name associated anatomical substrated for each

A
  1. central executive: dorsolateral PFC
  2. phonological loop-acoustic and linguistic memory: Broca and Wernicke’s, L hemi
  3. visuospatial: visual processing in occipital cortex

This retrieval also involves parahippocampal cortex, hippocampus, relevant cortical areas

40
Q

On recall test, patient was only able to recall 3 words after 5 mins. This is consistent with impairement to what type of memory?

A

short term

41
Q

Patient is able to correctly state what state, country, and town she is in. What type of memory is intact based on these answers?

A

long term

42
Q

which of the 4 processses associating with creating a memory requires synthesis of proteins and creation of a new synapse?

A

consolidation

43
Q

A normal person can repeat 3 words back to you after 5 mins due to occurence of what?

A

LTP

44
Q

When recalling event, pt describes in great detail how everything looked. Where is the memory of these details stored?

A

visual cortex

45
Q

What type of medication can be prescribed in Alzheimers to slow cognitive decline?

A

AChE

46
Q
A
47
Q

What type of recall is post-tetanic potentiation associated with?

A

responsible for the shortest recollection of events because it increases NT releast at synapse for about only 30-60 sec. Once Ca+ is moved from presyn terminal, function of that synapse returns to normal and whatever event was assocated with that activity was forgotten

48
Q

What type of recall is LTP associated with?

A

words for 5-30 mins

49
Q

recalling words stated the previous day would be associated with what type of process in memory?

A

consolidation and long term memory formation

50
Q

How would an NMDA antagonist help (partially) in Alzheimers disease progression

A

NMDA allows glutamate to connect to a cell like a boat tying up at a dock. When glutamate is “docked” at an NMDA receptor, it passes calcium into the cell, carrying the electrical or chemical signal that last step. This is important for learning and memory.

If you have Alzheimer’s disease, your cells can make too much glutamate. When that happens, the nerve cells get too much calcium, and that can speed up damage to them. NMDA receptor antagonists make it harder for glutamate to “dock” – but they still let important signals flow between cells.

*neuroendocrine exam 3 (27 decks)

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