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*Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > 3. DSA: Hypothalamic and Limbic Systems > Flashcards

3. DSA: Hypothalamic and Limbic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Small anatomical region of diencephalon that integrates information from forebrain, brainstem, and SC

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?

A

Maintenance of homeostasis (water and electrolyte balance, food intake, temperature, blood pressure, circadian rhythm, stress responses, body metabolism)

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3
Q

Name the boundaries of the hypothalamus.

A

Optic chiasma (anterior) and tegmentum/PAG of midbrain (posterior)

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4
Q

What forms the floor and ventral walls of 3rd ventricle?

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

What is continuous through the infundibular stalk with the posterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What forms the posterior part of the hypothalamus?

A

Mammillary bodies

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7
Q

What are adjacent to the cerebral peduncles?

A

Mammillary bodies

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8
Q

Where is the tuber cinerum?

A

Small swelling between the mammillary bodies and optic chiasm/tract

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9
Q

Where is the median eminence?

A

Arises from the tuber cinerum and narrows into the infundibulum (attaches to the pituitary gland)

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10
Q

What are the longitudinal divisions of the hypothalamic nuclei?

A

Anterior region, tuberal region, and posterior (mammillary) region

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11
Q

Where is the anterior region?

A

Superior to the optic chiasm extending anteriorly to the lamina terminalis

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12
Q

Where is the tuberal region?

A

Superior to and including the tuber cinerum

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13
Q

Where is the mammillary/posterior region?

A

Superior to and including the mammillary bodies

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14
Q

Where is the periventricular zone?

A

Periaqueductal gray (midbrain) through in the wall of the 3rd ventricle

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15
Q

What divides the hypothalamus into the medial and lateral zones?

A

Fornix

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16
Q

Where is the median forebrain bundle (MFB) located?

A

Lateral zone of the hypothalamic nuclei

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17
Q

Damage to the lateral zone of the hypothalamic nuclei results in __.

A

Decrease in feeding behavior

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18
Q

What nucleus contains oxytocin and ADH?

A

paraventricular (OT)/Supraoptic(ADH) nucleus

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19
Q

Where does the supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus lead into?

A

Posterior pituitary

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20
Q

Lesion in the SO/PVN results in __.

A

Diabetes insipidus (DI), increased H2O intake, and increased urination

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21
Q

What nucleus receives retinal input and is involved in circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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22
Q

Lesion in the SCN results in __.

A

Modification or elimination of circadian rhythms

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23
Q

What is the anterior nucleus responsible for?

A

Range of visceral/somatic functions and temperature regulation

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24
Q

Where do afferents leading to the medial mammillary nucleus come from?

A

Hippocampus (via fornix)

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25
Where do efferents coming from the medial mammillary nucleus go?
Thalamus and brainstem
26
Lesion in the medial mammillary nucleus results in __.
Inability to process short-term events into long-term memory
27
What is considered the “satiety center”?
Ventromedial nucleus
28
Lesion in the ventromedial nucleus results in __.
Excessive eating and abnormal weight gain
29
What nucleus subserves functions of emotional behavior?
Dorsomedial nucleus
30
Stimulation of dorsomedial nucleus causes __.
Sham rage
31
Destruction of dorsomedial nucleus results in __.
Decreased aggression and feeding
32
Name the blood supply of the anteromedial group of the hypothalamus.
Branches from the anterior communicating and anterior cerebral arteries (A1)
33
Name the blood supply of the posteromedial group of the hypothalamus.
Perforating arteries from the posterior communicating artery and posterior cerebral artery (P1)
34
Name the major afferent routes of the hypothalamus.
Fornix, medial forebrain bundle (MFB), and amygdalohypothalamic fibers
35
Where does the fornix arise from?
Subiculum and hippocampus
36
What is the largest single input to the hypothalamus?
Fornix
37
What structures does the MFB interconnect?
Spectal nuclei, hypothalamus, and midbrain tegmentum
38
Where does the MFB course through?
Lateral hypothalamic zone
39
What pathways are composed of amygdalohypothalamic fibers?
Stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathways
40
What do the stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathways target?
Septal nuclei, pre-optic area, and medial hypothalamic zone
41
Name the efferent hypothalamic pathways.
Mammillary fasciculus and hypothalamic fibers
42
Where does the mammillary fasciculus orginate from?
Medial mammillary nucleus
43
What does the mammillary fasciculus bifurcate into?
Mammillothalamic and mammillotegmental tracts
44
Where does the mammillary fasciculus project to?
Anterior nucleus (thalamus): an important part of the circuit of Papez
45
Where does the hypothalamothalamic fibers originate from?
Lateral preoptic area
46
Where do the hypothalamothalamic fibers project to?
Dorsomedial nucleus (thalamus) and amygdaloid nucleus
47
How do the hypothalamothalamic fibers get to the dorsomedial nucleus and amygdaloid nucleus?
Via the stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathways
48
All the vital functions of the hypothalamus are controlled through reflexes mediated by __.
Autonomic or endocrine systems
49
Name the direct links to the ANS from the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamomedullary fibers and hypothalamospinal fibers
50
Where do the hypothalamomedullary fibers go?
Solitary nucleus, dorsal vagal motor nucleus, and nucleus ambiguus
51
Where do the hypothalamospinal fibers go?
Intermediolateral cell column (GVE pre-ganglionics)
52
Lesions in the __ disrupt the hypothalamomedullary and hypothalamospinal fibers.
Anterolateral medulla
53
The hypothalamomedullary fibers and hypothalamospinal fibers provide sympathetic outflow to the __.
Face and head (Horner’s syndrome) or body
54
Name the indirect links to the ANS.
Posterior longitudinal fasciculus and mammillotegmental tract
55
What do the posterior longitudinal fasciculus and mammillotegmental tract target?
PAG (periaqueductal gray)
56
What does the PAG target?
Other visceral areas of the brainstem (solitary and dorsal motor vagal nuclei)
57
Indirect link to the ANS short tracts influence __.
Autonomic nuclei in the brainstem
58
Where are oxytocin and ADH stored?
Herring bodies
59
Where are the oxytocin and ADH released into?
Capillary plexus of posterior pituitary
60
Cellbodies of neuronsof the tuberoinfundibular tract are located in __.
Periventricular zone, PVN, and others
61
The tuberoinfundibular tract convert releasing hormones to __.
Median eminence and infundibulum
62
What receives direct input from the retina to mediate circadian rhythms?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
63
What are hormonal fluctuates secondary to light-dark cycles?
Circadian rhythms
64
What does SCN activity do?
Opposes drive for sleep (essential for timing of rest vs. activity)
65
How do cells maintain 24-hour periodicity?
Via transcription/translation control of circadian genes which indirectly control melatonin secretion (pineal gland)
66
Describe cycle of melatonin levels.
Increases just prior to normal sleep output
67
What is the internal indicator of circadian time and feedbacks to SCN?
Control of melatonin secretion
68
What are the parts of the limbic system?
1. Subcallosal area 2. cingulate gyrus 3. parahippocampal gyrus 4. uncus 5. hippocampal formation 6. subcortical nuclei
69
Connections of the limbic system influence __(1-3)__.
(1) behavior, (2) memory, (3) pain perception
70
What was the first description of an anatomicophysiologic mechanism for emotion?
Papez circuit
71
What is an important gyrus in the Papez circuit?
Cingulate gyrus
72
What is the function of the hippocampal formation?
Learning and memory
73
What does the hippocampal formation include?
Hippocampus, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, and dentate gyrus
74
What is the subiculum?
Transitional area between the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
75
What are the parts of the subiculum?
CA1 - CA4
76
What is the afferent pathway of the hippocampal formation?
Dentate gyrus —> CA3 —> CA1 —> subiculum
77
What is the efferent pathway of the hippocampal formation?
Subiculum —> fornix
78
Where does the efferent pathway of the hippocampal formation terminate?
Medial mammillary nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, and anterior nucleus of dorsal thalamus
79
Where are the other projections of the efferent pathway of the hippocampal formation?
Septal nuclei, frontal cortex, preoptic and anterior nuclei (hypothalamus), and nucleus accumbens
80
Where is the cingulate gyrus located?
Medial aspect of cerebral cortex
81
Where is the cingulate gyrus?
Lies immediately above the corpus callosum as continuation of cingulate sulcus
82
Where do afferents from the cingulate gyrus come from?
Thalamus and cortex
83
Where does the cingulate gyrus project to?
Entorhinal cortex via the cingulum
84
What is the function of the amygdala?
Motivational and emotional connotations of experience
85
Where is the amygdala located?
Deep and medially within temporal lobe
86
Where do afferents of the amygdala come from?
Inferior temporal association cortex, thalamus, septum and olfactory tract, and brainstem
87
What are the efferent projections to the amygdala?
Stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathway
88
Where does the stria terminalis send outputs?
To the hypothalamus and basal ganglia to permit motor behavioral responses
89
Where does the ventral amygdalofugal pathway send efferents?
Hypothalamus and septal nuclei and frontal and prefrontal, cingulate, insular cortices; brainstem to terminate in visceral nuclei and Raphe nuclei
90
What is the function of the Papez circuit?
Modulating feelings (fear, anxiety, sadness, happiness)
91
What does the Papez circuit consist of?
Cingulate gyrus —> hippocampal formation (subiculum and entorhinal cortex) / Hippocampus —> fornix —> medial mammillary nuclei —> anterior nucleus (thalamus via mammillothalamic tract) / anterior nucleus —> cingulate gyrus
92
What is the small area just rostral to the anterior commissure?
Septal region
93
What is the septal region through to control?
Rage behavior
94
What is the diffuse group of dopaminergic fibers that courses rostrocaudally through the lateral hypothalamic area?
Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
95
What is the major conduit for septal nuclei and hypothalamus to communicate with the brainstem?
Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
96
Where is the nucleus accumbens?
Located in rostral and ventral forebrain where head of caudate nucleus and putamen are continuous
97
From what structures does the nucleus accumbens receive inputs from?
Amygdala and hippocampus
98
What does the nucleus accumbens play an important role in?
Behavior related to addiction and chronic pain
99
What are the efferents of the nucleus accumbens?
Hypothalamus, brainstem, and globus pallidus
100
Where is the ventral tegmental area?
Located medial to the substantia nigra
101
What connections do the ventral tegmental area form?
With ventral striatum, amygdala, and other limbic structures
102
What do efferents from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens play an important role in?
Reward and motivation; may contribute to addiction

*Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (27 decks)

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