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*Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > 1. DSA Neuroanatomy of Taste and Olfaction > Flashcards

1. DSA Neuroanatomy of Taste and Olfaction Flashcards

1
Q

What type of receptors are odorant receptors?

A

GPCRs - ligand binding

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2
Q

What are the olfactory fila?

A

Axons from the olfactory receptor neuron passing through the lamina propria and cribiform plate to the olfactory bulb

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3
Q

What is the specificity of the olfactory receptor neurons?

A

Only express one type of odorant receptor that is processed in the olfactory bulb in the matching zone (individual glomeruli are thought to process different types of odors)

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4
Q

What is the first structure contacted by olfactory receptor neurons after passing through the cribiform plate?

A

Olfactory glomerulus

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5
Q

What are the layers of the olfactory bulb from superficial to deep?

A
  1. Olfactory nerve layer
  2. Glomerular layer
  3. External plexiform layer
  4. Mitral cell layer
  5. Granule cell layer
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6
Q

What cells do the olfactory receptor neurons synapse with in the glomerular layer?

A

Mitral and tufted cells

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7
Q

What cell layer contains the cell bodies of tufted cells?

A

External plexiform layer

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8
Q

How do granule cells moderate olfactory bulb activity?

A

Inhibitory feedback loop, release GABA into synapses w/ mitral and tufted cells

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9
Q

What is the hallmark of the olfactory bulb?

A

Projects directly to the cortex, skips the thalamus

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10
Q

What structure do the axons of the lateral olfactory tract contact to communicate with the contralateral olfactory tract?

A

Anterior olfactory nucleus

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11
Q

What embryological structure contains the olfactory cortex?

A

Telencephalon

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12
Q

What are the areas of the olfactory cortex?

A

Anterior olfactory nucleus

Olfactory tubercle

Piriform cortex

Anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus

Periamygdaloid cortex

Lateral entorhinal cortex

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13
Q

What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Integrates olfactory with taste to produce flavors

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14
Q

What part of the thalamus receives olfactory information from the cortex?

A

Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus

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15
Q

What structures does the lateral hypothalamus receive olfactory input from? What behaviors does this influence?

A

Piriform cortex and anterior olfactory nucleus

Feeding behavior

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16
Q

What structure sends olfactory information to the hippocampus?

A

Entorhinal cortex

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17
Q

What does the Chorda Tympani innervate in the peripheral taste pathway?

A

CN VII innervates

  1. fungiform papillae on anterior 2/3 of tongue
  2. filiform papillae on anterolateral tongue
  3. anterior foliate papillae (middle-lateral)
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18
Q

What is the innervation to the taste buds on the soft palate?

A

Greater superficial petrosal N.

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19
Q

Where are the cell bodies for CN VII for taste?

A

Geniculate ganglion

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20
Q

What is the innervation to the taste buds in the vallate papillae and posterior foliate papillae?

A

Lingual-tonsillar branch of CN IX

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21
Q

What is the innervation to the taste buds of the epiglottis and esophagus?

A

Superior laryngeal N. of Vagus N.

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22
Q

Where are the cell bodies for the taste fibers of CN IX and X?

A

Inferior ganglia (Petrosal and nodose)

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23
Q

Where do the fibers of the peripheral taste pathways terminate?

A

Gustatory nucleus (modulate taste and swallowing)

General visceral afferents

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24
Q

What side does the central taste pathway travel on?

A

Ipsilateral side

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25
Q

What CN has been lesioned if pt has paralysis in ipsilateral facial muscles, as well as lost of taste perception to anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A

CN VII

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26
Q

If there is damage distal to the geniculate ganglion, what can result?

A

Ipsilateral facial paralysis

May or may not have taste loss

27
Q

What is ageusia?

A

Completely loss of taste

28
Q

Distortion in perception of a taste due to drugs or medications is called ____.

A

Parageusia/dysgeusia

29
Q

how do we recognize different tastes other than 4 basic ones?

A

few taste receptors in different combinations result in different taste sensations, which are important in acceptance and rejection of food

30
Q

what is the organization of the olfactory epithelium?

A

*Outermost*

Mucus

Cilia

Brush cells

Supporting/sustentacular cells

Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Basal cells

Lamina Propria

*Inner*

31
Q

what is the structure and function of the olfactor receptor neuron?

A

Cell bodies are located in the olfactory neuron layer b/t supporting cells and Basal cell layers.

  • SINGLE dendrite extends to mucus layer
  • axons travel up the olfactory bulb through the LP
32
Q

what is the location of olfactory receptor neurons?

A
  • roof of nasal cavity
  • inferior surface of cribiform plate
  • along the nasal septum
  • medial wall of superior concha (turbinate)
33
Q

Lamina Propria characteristics

A

CT holding immune cells

-important b/c mucosa is directly exposed to external environment

34
Q

basal cell layer characteristics

A
  • Under basement membrane, acting as stem cells for olfactory recpetor neurons and supporting cells
  • cont turnover, lifespan ~30-60 days
35
Q

supporting/sustentacular cell characteristics

A

offer physical and metabolic support to surrounding cells

36
Q

what type of cells are the brush cell layer?

A

ciliated columnar epithelium

37
Q

what is unique about the olfactory cilia?

A

cilia is non-motile

38
Q

What are the 5 layers in the olfactory bulb?

A

*Deep*

GRow My EGO

  1. Granule cell
  2. Mitral cell
  3. External plexiform
  4. Glomerular cell
  5. Olfactory Nerve

*Superficial*

39
Q

Granule cell layer

A

granule cells which are primciple interneurons of olfactory bulb which help in regulation

40
Q

Mitral cell layer

A

mitral bodies and axons of tufted cells

  • main sensory carrying cells
  • receive afferent from olfactory receptor neurons in glomerulus and transmit to brain
41
Q

external plexiform layer

A

contains dendrites of tufted, mitral, and granule cells

-Granule cells modulate tufted/mitral cell output via GABA

42
Q

glomerular cell layer

A

layer 4- olfactory receptor neurons synpase on dendites of mitral and tufted cells

-this is where sensory afferent info from environment is transmitted to olfactory bulb

43
Q

olfactory nerve layer

A

layer 5

  • contains axons of olfactory receptor neurons
  • axons penetrate cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
44
Q

centrifugal fibers

A

reach olfactory bulb via anterior commissure to help regulate the feedback loops

45
Q

components of the olfactory tract include:

A
  1. lateral olfactory tract
  2. cells of anterior olfactory nucleus
  3. fibers of anterior limb of anterior commissure
46
Q

what regulates activity of the glomerulus?

A

periglomerular cells

olfactory neuron receptors

mitral and tufted cells

centrifugal cells

47
Q

what cell type carries afferent info from olfactory bulb to brain?

A

tufted cells

48
Q

what cell type carries efferent info from brain to olfactory bulb?

A

centrifugal fibers

49
Q

certain cells in the olfactory bulb have inhibitor effects on others. what NT is responsible for this?

A

GABA

50
Q

where does the info travel from the olfactory bulb? what cells carry this info?

A

to the olfactory cortex via lateral olfactory tract from the mitral and tufted cells

51
Q

how many layers comprise the olfactory cortex?

A

its a paleocortex so 3

52
Q

Pt presents complaining that when they smell things like metal they become anxious and scared. You inquire if the smell of KC BBQ makes them hungry to which they respond that it always does. Where do you expect the lesion?

A

Paleocortex

Likely a lesion in olfactory cortex, specifically the anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus

  • B/c the patient responds to the KC BBQ appropriately, the neocortex is OK
  • Damage to olfactory bulb or tract would not have an effect on emotion but rather smell detection
53
Q

Pt undergoes an MRI for suspected brain tumor. None was found; however, it was incidentally found that the left orbitofrontal cortex had a lesion. How would you expect this to manifest in a patient?

A

Inability to differentiate smells

-Orbitofrontal cortex is where smell and taste integration occurs. If a patient cannot differentiate the difference between hot chocolate and coffee, there is a disconnect b/t taste and smell and the experience of flavor

54
Q

Would you a lesion to the bilateral olfactory bulb or tract cause?

A

anosmia, inability to smell

55
Q

What would bilateral damage to the CN1 cause?

A

anosmia

56
Q

What does the chorda tympani innervate?

A

fungiform papillae and anterior foliate papillae on the anterior 2/3 on tongue

57
Q

what innervates taste to the soft palate?

A

Greater superficial petrosal N, branch of CN VII

58
Q

hyposomia aka Olfactory Hyperesthesia

A

decreased sensitivity to odorants

-cause ex: nasal polyps

59
Q

Ageusia

A

complete loss of taste. Rare because many nerves carry gustatory sensory info (CN 7,9,10)

60
Q

Hypogeusia

A

decreased taste sensitivity

61
Q

Parageusia/Dysgeusia

A

perception of taste altered. Commonly due to drug use

62
Q

Lesions of CN 7

A
  • IPSI loss of taste to anterior 2/3 tongue. Also manifest as IPSI facial paralysis, impaired secretion of nasal, lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands
  • Possible causes: tumors of IAM (vestibular schwannoma) b/c damage to chorda tympani
63
Q

Damage to distal geniculate ganglion

A
  • Taste may or may not be loss, but IPSI facial paralysis
  • This is the first ganglion where facial nerve fibers carrying taste info from tongue synapse

*Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (27 decks)

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