8: Intersubjectivity Flashcards by Hannah Chua

Subjectivity + objectivity

Inter-subjectivity

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Refers to the own interpersonal or personal understanding of a thing

Subjective

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Shared understanding and influence by various personal understanding or interpretation to establish new truth or meaning

Inter-subjective

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Involving or occurring between separate conscious mindsq

Intersubjectivity

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Term used to represent the psychological relation between people

Intersubjectivity

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Usually used in contrast to solipsistic individual experience, emphasizing our inherently social being

Intersubjectivity

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We are always in relation with others- anchoring our personhood to the principles of interconnectedness

MAN is a Rational Being

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We influence others in our daily interaction to which these others make us what we are and we make others what they are

Communal Beings

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Independence of the mind from the body; formation of an internal and an external world

Cartesian Dualism

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If I am conscious that I am existing, and the world outside me is also existing—can I simply conclude that other persons are conscious as well?

Rene Descartes

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Descartes belief in the perception of the senses of man

FALSE

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The only thing certain according to Descartes

One is existing as a thinking being

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Study of that which appears

Phenomenology

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Influenced by the Cartesian Dualism

Husserl’s Phenomenology

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Claim that the world is nothing but the world of our conscious experience

Husserl’s Phenomenology

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Result of Husserl’s transcendental idealism of phenomenology

Solipsism

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Etymology of Solipsism

Latin: “solus” - alone
Latin: “ipse” - self

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Considers that the self alone is the only thing certain and the only basis of reality

Solipsism

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A consequence of intersubjective relations

Self-recognition

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Achieved through our relationship with others

Self-Consciousness

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Only ones capable of attaining full-consciousness

Human Beings

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Our experience of self-consciousness

Experience of Desire

Experience of Lack

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How can we attain full self-consciousness

Recognition by other self-conscious subjects

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a product of intersubjective relations which involves mutual recognition among the conscious subjects

Self-Recognition

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One of our natural desires

To be recognized

What comes prior to the notion of self

Others

Product of our relationship with others

(Idea of) Self

Jewish philosopher who formulated the existential concept of "I-Thou" and "I-It" relationships

Martin Buber

Can only realize itself in the face of the other

3 CATEGORIES OF MODES OF RELATION

1. I-I Type of Relationship 2. I-It Type of Relationship 3. I-Thou Type of Relationship

Aims for the other to be transformed into his likeness

I-I Type of Relationship

People revolve around their own selves; perceived as the protagonists of the story

I-I Type of Relationshi

The treatment to other is reduced into the status of an object

I-It type

Relationship based on the satisfaction of one's desires and benefits

I-It Type

Relationship where the other is treated equally as a distinct other

I-Thou

The foundation of I-Thou Relationship

Dialogue

Entails the affirmation of the "other" as a person who is unique and has distinct personality

(life of) Dialogue

He defines man as the being who faces an "other" and constructs a world from the dual acts of distancing and relating

Martin Buber

The pure encounter of one unique entity with another in a way that the other is known without being subsumed under a universal

I-Thou

Describes the world of relatons

I-Thou

When the human person attains fulfillment in the realm of the interpersonal

Genuine Dialogue

"A genuine dialogue is when the human person attains fulfillment in the realm of the interpersonal, in meeting the “other”."

Karol Wojtyla

Process of examining moral arguments

Moral Reasoning

The search for a statement that can be made to yield a new statement or conclusion

Argument

Evaluating the soundness of the argument from the moral point of view

Evaluative Reasoning | Moral Reasoning

2 Ethical perspectives of moral reasoning

Deontological Ethics | Teleological Ethics

Ethics based on one's duties

Deontological Ethics

"dein"

duty

Recognizes that there are moral principles that we follow which we consider as universally correct

Deontological Ethics

Law of morality that we are unconditionally obliged to do without regard of the consequences

Categorical Imperative

He made distinctions and examined technical terms underlying his ethical assumptions of duty-based ethics

Immanuel Kant

Two faculties of Human Mind

Pure Reason | Pure Intention

Pure Reason

a priori

Pure Intention

a posteriori

prior to the experience

Pure reason

from experience

Pure intention

The source of knowledge containing the structure of our mind as human beings

Pure reason

Emergence brought by the merging of the two faculties of the mind

Practical Reason

Makes i possible to have the knowledge of the phenomena

Practical Reason

Responsible for our capacity to recognize what is good through the will

Practical Reason

The only thing good-in-itself

Goodwill

Recognition that there are things that we have to do

Universality Principle

Action based only on inclinations and feelings done according to duty

NO MORAL WORTH

Action devoid of any feelings and emotions because you are doing it from duty

MORALLY WORTHY

"the end justifies the means"

Teleological Ethics

means the end, goal, or purpose

telos

Believes that the end, goal or purpose of an actions must be based on its consequences.

Teleological Ethics

“In choosing between various available courses of action, consequentialism will merely weigh up the good and bad consequences in each case and make their decisions on that basis”.

Dupre

Universally wrong

Deontologist

Examination of the actual consequence of the act of lying

Teleologist

The most popular form of teleological ethics

Utilitarianism

The maximization of pleasure and the avoidance of pain in order to promote happiness

Utilitarianism

"ultimate goal"

Summum Bonum

The ultimate goal of utilitarian morality

Happiness

“actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness”

John Stuart Mills | Utilitarianism

"Hedonic Calculus"

Jeremy Bentham

Proposition that there must be a difference in the quantity and quality of pleasure

``` Hedonic Calculus (Jeremy Bentham) ```

"Pleasure is quantifiable; good can be demonstrated and quantifies in terms of the amount of pleasure that it could bring"

Jeremy Bentham

Concept of utility that is equated with happiness | Concept of general happiness comes to seeking of greatest happiness to greatest number of people

Principle of Utility | Greatest Happiness Principle