8: Intelligence; 9: Language Development

Question 1

Large Cohort Effects in Intelligence: The Flynn Effect + Causes

Answer 1

The rise in IQ scores over generations. People score higher than they would today when tested on older tests

May be caused by contextual changes in education, health, and nutrition → gains are pronounced in developing countries

As living conditions optimize, IQ scores should plateau

Question 2

SES on IQ: Ethnic differences

Answer 2

developing countries tend to score lower

African-American and Hispanic individuals tend to have lower intelligence scores than other individuals

Question 3

SES on IQ: Differences are not inborn

Answer 3

children adopted from low SES into higher SES score higher on IQ tests than siblings who are raised by birth parents or adopted into lower SES homes

African American children from low income environments adopted into middle-SES show IQ scores similar to national averages for mid-SES kids

children from similar middle-class backgrounds tend to have similar IQ scores regardless of their race or ethnicity

Question 4

SES on IQ: Culture, Nutrition, Living conditions, School Resources, Intellectual stimulation, and life circumstances

Answer 4

better things help IQ :))

Question 5

Phonology

Answer 5

knowledge of sounds used in a given language
Learning how to detect, discriminate, and produce speech sounds

Question 6

Morphology

Answer 6

understanding the ways that sounds can be combined to form words
Infants learn that sounds can be combined in meaningful ways
example: 2 sounds put together are meaningful to us, and infants learn that they are meaningful!

Question 7

Semantics

Answer 7

the meaning or content of words and sentences

growing vocabulary signals an increase in semantic knowledge

Question 8

syntax

Answer 8

knowledge of the structure of sentences

rules by which words are to be combined to form sentences

Question 9

pragmatics

Answer 9

understanding how to use language to communicate effectively. Intonation can be different (example: when asking a question, voice goes up in the end)

example: difference in speaking with a professor and a toddler

Question 10

Contextual Influences on Language Development: Trends in Poverty

Answer 10

The higher your SES, the more the infants’ vocabulary expands when they get older (from 18 months to 24 months) compared to the children with lower SES

Graph shows that children with higher SES initially know more vocab than those with lower SES