2: Biological and Environmental Foundations; 3: Physical Development; 5 - Health

Question 1

Dominant-recessive genetic inheritance

Answer 1

a form of genetic inheritance where the phenotype reflects only the dominant allele of a heterozygous pair

Question 2

maternal characteristics and behaviours that affect outcomes on pregnancy (4)

Answer 2

age, nutrition, emotional well being, and prenatal care

Question 3

teratogens on prenatal outcomes

Answer 3

agents that cause damage to prenatal development, like diseases, drugs, and other environment factors, all of which can cause a congenital disorder (disorder you’re born with)
different teratogens can cause the same defect, and different defects can result from the same teratogen

Question 4

how do women’s age affect prenatal outcomes

Answer 4

women past the age of 35 are at greater risk for pregnancy and birth complications

Question 5

how do dietary supplements affect prenatal outcomes?

Answer 5

can reduce maternal malnourishment, but adequate caloric intake is important for healthy prenatal development

Question 6

exposure to chronic and severe stress on prenatal outcomes

Answer 6

risks include:
low birth weight

premature birth

longer postpartum hospital stay

Question 7

pubertal timing

Answer 7

individuals have a biological transition to adulthood. Adolescence physically mature to be capable of reproduction

Question 8

how do genes affect pubertal timing?

Answer 8

the age where mothers and fathers start their pubertal timing predicts the onset of puberty in daughters and sons

identical twins experience menarche (first period) around the same time

Question 9

how does nutrition affect pubertal timing

Answer 9

achieving a critical level of body weight can trigger puberty. Needed for healthy development

example: girls with a greater body mass index mature earlier than lighter girls

Question 10

how does stress influence pubertal timing

Answer 10

associated with an earlier onset of puberty (ex. menarche)

ex. poor family relationships, abuse, conflicts, etc

Question 11

how does SES influence pubertal timing?

Answer 11

low SES is associated with early pubertal onset

ethnic differences in puberty may be the result of low SES

Question 12

psychosocial effects of early and late puberty: adolescents who matured early

Answer 12

are treated differently by adults and peers because they look different

adolescents may be treated similar to older individuals → may cause stress

show higher rates of risky activity (smoking, substance abuse, and aggressive behavior)

Question 13

psychosocial effects of early and late puberty: boys and girls who matured off time

Answer 13

more likely to show anxiety or a depressed mood

Question 14

psychosocial effects of early and late puberty: girls who mature early

Answer 14

feel less positive about their bodies, physical appearance, and menstruation than girls who mature on time

early maturing girls are thought to be popular → leads to low self esteem

Question 15

psychosocial effects of early and late puberty: boys who mature early

Answer 15

tend to be athletic, popular with peers, school leaders, and confident , but they are more likely to experience depression and anxiety

Question 16

child abuse

Answer 16

any intentional harm to a minor (under 18) physically, emotionally, sexually, and through neglect

Question 17

risk factors for child maltreatment: parent characteristics (5)

Answer 17

see their children as stubborn and non-compliant. Sees their misdeeds worse than they are

may use strict physical methods of discipline. Lack of knowledge in child development

have unrealistic expectations for children

lack in recognizing or expressing emotions

low SES children with adults who come and go are at higher risk of sexual abuse

Question 18

marijuana use in teens and young adults

Answer 18

for most young people, marijuana uses is sporadic and limited in duration, but regular sustained use is associated with current and future dependence

results in adverse health and social outcomes, including abusing other substances

Question 19

marijuana use stats !!!!

Answer 19

24% of people aged 15-20 used marijuana in the past 3 months (based on lecture)

Also, the average age of usage is ~14 years old and males are more likely to engage than females