13: Gender & Sexuality, 14: Family Formation and Diversity

Question 1

Androgyny

Answer 1

the gender identity with those who have both masculine and feminine characteristics

Question 2

Contextual influences on gender development - Parents

Answer 2

there are different perceptions and expectations for each gender. Parents often encourage:

sons to have competition, achievement, and activity

daughters to be warm, polite, and engage in closely supervised activity

parents also encourage gender-typed behavior by showing discomfort (esp father) with sex-atypical behavior in boys

Question 3

Contextual influences on gender development - Peers

Answer 3

reinforce gender-typed behavior and criticize cross-gender activities through praise, imitation, or participation of gendered activities

Question 4

Maintenance of gender - “doing gender” in adult relationships

Answer 4

“Doing gender” are interactions with others that reinforces gender roles, such as males opening doors for females. This marks a gender difference because it was either a sign of respect, or assumption that women are the weaker sex and need help from men

idk if i should include the gendered products thing cuz idk what that has to do with adult relationships

Question 5

Emerging sexuality - Childhood self-stimulation

Answer 5

Sexual desire is a gradual development and is normal for children to have sexual feelings. Self-stimulation is common and can be seen as early as 2 years old

Question 6

Protective factors of teen pregnancy

Answer 6

Protective factors promote positive adjustment in the face of risk and influence the outcomes of adolescent pregnancy for mothers and children

Factors:
- Support for the teen’s developmental needs for autonomy and support
- Parental monitoring
- Coping skills
- Access to health and child care

Question 7

Sexual activity in adulthood

Answer 7

Sexual activity is the highest in young people and declines as people age. Frequency of sexual intercourse is associated with emotional, sexual, and relationship satisfaction, as well as overall happiness

Question 8

Contextual influences of sexual coercion/sexual assault

Answer 8

Gender and cultural stereotypes, where males are expected to be dominant, aggressive, and competitive, while females are expected to be passive

Men who engage in sexual assault interpret women’s behavior inaccurately. They may doubt women’s honesty in responding to sexual advances, even when they clearly reject

Question 9

Cohabitation

Answer 9

an arrangement where committed, unmarried, couples live together in the same home

Question 10

Who cohabits and why. Describe some statistics

Answer 10

Europeans cohabit more and think of it like marriage. Young European American young adults cohabit leading up to marriage

Young adults cohabit because of housing and financial reasons. It can also be used to assess romantic compatibility and is convenient

Low status young adults cohabit. African American and Puerto Rican heritage are more likely to cohabit as an alternative to marriage

Question 11

Children’s experiences in single-parent families

Answer 11

In African American communities, single moms integrate into the commuting, allowing the child to interact with caring adult family members and friends. The child is raised as a member of the community

An adult male (like the uncle or grandfather) steps in and takes a fathering role. Close family bonds that form can guide and encourage the child to succeed

Question 12

Children’s experiences in lesbian and gay families

Answer 12

they don’t differ in measures of emotional development (empathy and emotional regulation, but they may score higher in some aspects of social and academic competences and show fewer social and behavioral problems

they show similar patterns of gender identity and gender role development as children raised by heterosexual parents

Question 13

Authoritative parenting style and its likely outcome for children

Answer 13

High behavioral control and high levels of warmth

Result: children display confidence, self-esteem, social skills, curiosity, high academic achievement, and score higher on measures of executive functioning

Question 14

Authoritarian parenting style and its likely outcome for children

Answer 14

High behavioral control and low levels of warmth

Result: children tend to be withdrawn, mistrustful, and anxious yet angry. More behavioral problems than other children. Hostile reaction when they experience frustrating interaction with peers

Question 15

Permissive/indulgent parenting style and its likely outcome for children

Answer 15

Low behavioral control and high levels of warmth

Result: children tend to be impulsive, rebellious, and bossy. Show less task persistence, low levels of school achievement, and more behavior problems. They show immaturity and conformity to peers and have a difficulty with self-control

Question 16

Indifferent/uninvolved parenting style and its likely outcome on children

Answer 16

Low behavioral control and low levels of warmth

Result: negative consequence on cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development. Children tend to show less knowledge about emotions than children who were raised with other parenting styles

Question 17

Concerted cultivation in middle and upper class

Answer 17

middle and upper class can afford extra activities to help children, like after-school activities, organized sports, and providing resources that cultivates the child’s competencies to expand skills and talents

Question 18

Natural growth in working class families

Answer 18

cannot afford extras and there are no additional activities in their children’s schedules. They tend to be authoritarian and there is unstructured play with more involvement of friends and family

Question 19

Parents who use physical discipline

Answer 19

it’s an ineffective form of discipline and may be an indication of authoritarian parenting. Is linked to anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior in children

Question 20

Positive and negatives of sibling relationships and how parents influence them

Answer 20

Positives: parents can encourage them to do activities that fosters team work and enjoy each other’s company

Negatives: parents may thing that aggression and fighting between siblings is normal. This can influence sibling rivalry

Question 21

2 types of play in childhood relationships and how they benefit children

Answer 21

Rough and tumble play: running, climbing, play fighting, etc. helps increase motor skills and develops muscle strength and control

Sociodramatic play: taking on roles and acting out stories and themes. This practices emotion regulation and helps them explain their ideas and emotions. It helps develop a sense of self-concept and explores social rules and conventions, which is associated with social competence