13: Gender & Sexuality, 14: Family Formation and Diversity Flashcards
Androgyny
the gender identity with those who have both masculine and feminine characteristics
Contextual influences on gender development - Parents
there are different perceptions and expectations for each gender. Parents often encourage:
sons to have competition, achievement, and activity
daughters to be warm, polite, and engage in closely supervised activity
parents also encourage gender-typed behavior by showing discomfort (esp father) with sex-atypical behavior in boys
Contextual influences on gender development - Peers
reinforce gender-typed behavior and criticize cross-gender activities through praise, imitation, or participation of gendered activities
Maintenance of gender - “doing gender” in adult relationships
“Doing gender” are interactions with others that reinforces gender roles, such as males opening doors for females. This marks a gender difference because it was either a sign of respect, or assumption that women are the weaker sex and need help from men
idk if i should include the gendered products thing cuz idk what that has to do with adult relationships
Emerging sexuality - Childhood self-stimulation
Sexual desire is a gradual development and is normal for children to have sexual feelings. Self-stimulation is common and can be seen as early as 2 years old
Protective factors of teen pregnancy
Protective factors promote positive adjustment in the face of risk and influence the outcomes of adolescent pregnancy for mothers and children
Factors:
- Support for the teen’s developmental needs for autonomy and support
- Parental monitoring
- Coping skills
- Access to health and child care
Sexual activity in adulthood
Sexual activity is the highest in young people and declines as people age. Frequency of sexual intercourse is associated with emotional, sexual, and relationship satisfaction, as well as overall happiness
Contextual influences of sexual coercion/sexual assault
Gender and cultural stereotypes, where males are expected to be dominant, aggressive, and competitive, while females are expected to be passive
Men who engage in sexual assault interpret women’s behavior inaccurately. They may doubt women’s honesty in responding to sexual advances, even when they clearly reject
Cohabitation
an arrangement where committed, unmarried, couples live together in the same home
Who cohabits and why. Describe some statistics
Europeans cohabit more and think of it like marriage. Young European American young adults cohabit leading up to marriage
Young adults cohabit because of housing and financial reasons. It can also be used to assess romantic compatibility and is convenient
Low status young adults cohabit. African American and Puerto Rican heritage are more likely to cohabit as an alternative to marriage
Children’s experiences in single-parent families
In African American communities, single moms integrate into the commuting, allowing the child to interact with caring adult family members and friends. The child is raised as a member of the community
An adult male (like the uncle or grandfather) steps in and takes a fathering role. Close family bonds that form can guide and encourage the child to succeed
Children’s experiences in lesbian and gay families
they don’t differ in measures of emotional development (empathy and emotional regulation, but they may score higher in some aspects of social and academic competences and show fewer social and behavioral problems
they show similar patterns of gender identity and gender role development as children raised by heterosexual parents
Authoritative parenting style and its likely outcome for children
High behavioral control and high levels of warmth
Result: children display confidence, self-esteem, social skills, curiosity, high academic achievement, and score higher on measures of executive functioning
Authoritarian parenting style and its likely outcome for children
High behavioral control and low levels of warmth
Result: children tend to be withdrawn, mistrustful, and anxious yet angry. More behavioral problems than other children. Hostile reaction when they experience frustrating interaction with peers
Permissive/indulgent parenting style and its likely outcome for children
Low behavioral control and high levels of warmth
Result: children tend to be impulsive, rebellious, and bossy. Show less task persistence, low levels of school achievement, and more behavior problems. They show immaturity and conformity to peers and have a difficulty with self-control
Indifferent/uninvolved parenting style and its likely outcome on children
Low behavioral control and low levels of warmth
Result: negative consequence on cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development. Children tend to show less knowledge about emotions than children who were raised with other parenting styles
Concerted cultivation in middle and upper class
middle and upper class can afford extra activities to help children, like after-school activities, organized sports, and providing resources that cultivates the child’s competencies to expand skills and talents
Natural growth in working class families
cannot afford extras and there are no additional activities in their children’s schedules. They tend to be authoritarian and there is unstructured play with more involvement of friends and family
Parents who use physical discipline
it’s an ineffective form of discipline and may be an indication of authoritarian parenting. Is linked to anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior in children
Positive and negatives of sibling relationships and how parents influence them
Positives: parents can encourage them to do activities that fosters team work and enjoy each other’s company
Negatives: parents may thing that aggression and fighting between siblings is normal. This can influence sibling rivalry
2 types of play in childhood relationships and how they benefit children
Rough and tumble play: running, climbing, play fighting, etc. helps increase motor skills and develops muscle strength and control
Sociodramatic play: taking on roles and acting out stories and themes. This practices emotion regulation and helps them explain their ideas and emotions. It helps develop a sense of self-concept and explores social rules and conventions, which is associated with social competence
