8 - Information processing

Question 1

Describe the input stage of information processing, and where the information if coming from.

Answer 1

Seeing/ hearing/ feeling all the things that are going on around . It could be coming from the crowd, the opponents etc. Where the inflammation is coming from is called the display. (The environment that provides all the information)

Question 2

What is selective attention?

Answer 2

When you focus on the relevant information from the display.

Question 3

Describe the perception part of information processing.

Answer 3

The process if acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organising sensory information.

Question 4

What is proprioception, and its components?

Answer 4

Body awareness, it has 3 components, touch, equilibrium, kinaesthesis.

Question 5

Describe the components of proprioception

Answer 5

Touch - Detects pain, pressure, temperature.
Equilibrium - Balance, tipping turning
Kinesthesis - a sense that tells the brain about the movement of the muscles, tendons and joints

Question 6

What is the DCR process?

Answer 6

Detection - the process of the registering of the stimuli by the sense organ

Comparison - the process of referring the stimulus to the memory to compare it to previously stores stimuli

Recognition- the process of finding corresponding stimuli in the memory

Question 7

Name the 3 memory stores

Answer 7

Short term sensory store (STSS)
Short term memory (STM)
Long term memory (LTM)

Question 8

What are the processes within the memory and describe them

Answer 8

Encoding - storing new information by repeating it
Maintenance - keeping it ‘alive’
Retrieval - finding coded information

Question 9

Describe the short term memory

Answer 9

Hold information for 60 seconds
Holds 5-9 pieces
If the information isn’t needed its is replaced in 30 seconds
Holds information from the STSS that is important
Retrieves info from LTM to perform movement

Question 10

What are ways to improve short term memory?

Answer 10

Chunking - storing groups of information as one piece

Chaining - simplifying actions into smaller links

Question 11

How should a coach make sure information has gone into the short term memory?

Answer 11

Be brief
To the point
Make sure attention is being given

Question 12

What influences the retention and retrieval of information shorted in the long term memory?

Answer 12

Rehearsal
Meaningfulness
Speed of learning (quicker is better)
Overlearning the skill

Question 13

Describe the long term memory

Answer 13

Short term memories are either stores in long term memory or lost
Limitless capacity
Can be stored for years possibly forever

Question 14

What are the strategies to improve memory?

Answer 14

Chaining - simplifying an action by reducing it into smaller links in a chain of events

Mental rehearsal - ‘running through’ a performance in your mind

Question 15

How do you make mental rehearsal effective?

Answer 15

Relax
Create a mental image using all the sense
See yourself through your ‘minds eye’
Evaluate the movements and consequences

Question 16

What is select response/ response selection?

Answer 16

Deciding how to respond

Choosing a motor programme

Question 17

What is reaction time (in memory)

Answer 17

The time to make a decision

Question 18

What is movement time?

Answer 18

The time from the start of the response to the end

Question 19

What is response time and how do you calculate it?

Answer 19

The time from the start f the stimulus to the end of the response.

Reaction time + movement time

Question 20

What is choice reaction time?

Answer 20

The time taken between stimulus and action that requires a choice

EG) in basketball deciding whether to pass or dribble

Question 21

What is simple reaction time?

Answer 21

The time taken to start a single response to a single stimulus

Question 22

What is Hicks Law?

Answer 22

The theory that the more choices there are the slower the reaction time will be

Question 23

What is temporal anticipation?

Answer 23

A performer guesses what is about to happen

Question 24

What is spatial anticipation?

Answer 24

When a player guesses a movement will be needed

Question 25

Describe the psychological refractory period

Answer 25

This is when sports performers use dummy’s/fakes.
The opposition sees the player move one way so the brain processes this and moves to block them. While the brain is processing it the player dodges in the other direction. Although the brain has picked up the second stimulus it has to finish processing the first (the dummy) before being able to process the actual movement

Question 26

What are motor programmes?

Answer 26

A series of muscle contractions that produce a movement, that is stored in the LTM

Question 27

What are subroutines?

Answer 27

Separate movements that make up a whole skill

Question 28

How to improve selective attention?

Answer 28

Make the stimulus more intense
Expressions like 'watch the ball', 'look when I place my feet'
Anticipation 
Mental rehearsal 
Repetition with various distraction

Question 29

Why do skills break down for beginners?

Answer 29

Lack of experience 
Lack of selective attention 
Limited range of responses, can't adapt to all situations 
Unable to focus/concentration
Lack in fitness
Lack in anticipation