3 - Pulmonary function

Question 1

Explain inspiration at rest

Answer 1

Lower pressure in lungs Diaphragm contracts & flattens Intercostal muscles contract. Rib cage lifts up and out. Increase thoracic cavity. Active process

Question 2

Explain expiration at rest

Answer 2

Passive process External intercostal muscles relax. Diaphragm relaxes and returns dome shaped. Ribs come in and down. Thoracic cavity decreases. Pressure increases

Question 3

Explain inspiration in exercise

Answer 3

Sternocleidomastoid contracts to lift the sternum. The scalene and pectoralis minor lift the ribs further. Thoracic cavity increases

Question 4

Explain expiration in exercise

Answer 4

More active Internal intercostal muscles contract to pull the rib cage in and down. Abdominals contract to push the diaphragm up. Rapid reduction of the thoracic cavity

Question 5

What is tidal volume

Answer 5

The amount of air breathed in or out per breath

Question 6

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 6

Max amount of air that is forcibly inspired in addition to tidal volume

Question 7

Explain expiratory reserve volume

Answer 7

Max amount of air that can be forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume

Question 8

What is vital capacity?

Answer 8

Max amount of air exhaled after a max inspiration

Question 9

What is residual volume?

Answer 9

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 10

What is total lung capacity?

Answer 10

Vital capacity plus residual volume

Question 11

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 11

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute

Question 12

How do you calculate minute ventilation?

Answer 12

Frequency of breathing x tidal volume

Question 13

How do you calculate vital capacity?

Answer 13

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

Question 14

How to calculate total lung capacity?

Answer 14

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 15

Where does gaseous exchange happen?

Answer 15

Alveoli and muscle site

Question 16

Explain why gaseous exchange happens?

Answer 16

The partial pressure/concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide difference The partial pressures want to be equal

Question 17

State and describe the process of how gases move through the lungs and capillaries

Answer 17

Diffusion - The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration/partial pressure to a low area of concentration/ partial pressure

Question 18

What makes diffusion efficient

Answer 18

Permeable of the alveoli and capillary walls Short distance Readiness of haemoglobin to combine with oxygen Large surface area of alveoli Slow movement of blood through capillaries

Question 19

What controlled the rate and depth of breathing and where is it?

Answer 19

Respiratory centre Medulla oblongata

Question 20

What are the chemical changes that cause a change in breathing depth and rate during exercise?

Answer 20

Increase in carbon dioxide Increase in lactic acid

Question 21

How is carbon dioxide transported and what %

Answer 21

5% in blood plasma 20% combined with haemoglobin 60-80% combines with water to make bicarbonate.

Question 22

What detects changes in blood acidity

Answer 22

Chemoreceptors

Question 23

What detects change in blood pressure

Answer 23

Baroreceptors

Question 24

Describe how the body increases breathing rate and depth

Answer 24

Chemoreceptors detect a higher blood acidity, meaning there’s more carbon dioxide in the blood, a message is sent to the medulla oblongata and the respiratory centre, the message is sent down the sympathetic nerve back to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract

Question 25

Describe a spirometer trace and its labels.

Answer 25

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