8. Genetics/9. Animal Breeding

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

Question 2

Genotype

Answer 2

The collection of genes in an individual

Question 3

Phenotype

Answer 3

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

The basic physical unit of inheritance consisting of DNA sequence at a specific location on a specific chromosome

Question 5

Alelle

Answer 5

Basic unit of heredity

Question 6

Dominant trait

Answer 6

An allele that is exhibited in the phenotype

Question 7

Recessive trait

Answer 7

When a phenotype can only be observed when an individual inherits a recessive homozygous type

Question 8

Homozygous

Answer 8

Pairing of like alleles; 2 dominant or 2 recessive alleles

Question 9

Heterozygous

Answer 9

Pairing of unlike alleles

Question 10

Linkage

Answer 10

Markers for a single trait or multiple traits are inherited together because of their proximity on a single loci of a chromosome

Question 11

Pleitropy

Answer 11

The phenomenon where a single gene influences multiple traits

Question 12

Epistasis

Answer 12

When the effect of multiple genes is observed to affect the phenotype of a single gene at a single locus (albinism)

Question 13

Highly heritable traits

Answer 13

Genotype and phenotype are similar

Question 14

Lowly heritable traits

Answer 14

Genotype and phenotype could vary

Question 15

Quantitative trait

Answer 15

Any trait that can be measured on numerical scales

Question 16

Breeding

Answer 16

The application of all technologies and disciplines of genetics to improve the selection of livestock or crops for increased production

Question 17

Exons

Answer 17

Code pieces of protein production in RNA

Question 18

Introns

Answer 18

Splices pieces of protein production in RNA

Question 19

GMO

Answer 19

Genetically modified organisms; living things that have had their genetic code tweaked in some way

Question 20

Epigenetics

Answer 20

The study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in DNA sequence

Question 21

CRISPR

Answer 21

Technology that allows a simple injection to cause a change in a single genome

Question 22

Artificial selection

Answer 22

Human intervention of the natural reproductive process

Question 23

Locus

Answer 23

Specific location of a gene on a chromosome

Question 24

Allele

Answer 24

Alternative form of a gene, arises from a mutation

Question 25

Genetic model

Answer 25

Phenotype = Genotype + Environment

Question 26

Trait

Answer 26

Any observable characteristic of an individual

Question 27

Observable/qualitative traits

Answer 27

Only affected by a handful of genes

Question 28

Measurable/quantitative traits

Answer 28

Affected by a large number of genes

Question 29

T/F: Quantitative traits are economically viable

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Performance

Answer 30

Measurable phenotype

Question 31

Random mating plans

Answer 31

Can be through random selection or gate/chute-cutting

Question 32

Assortative mating: positive

Answer 32

Two similar animals breed; best male and best female, etc.

Question 33

Assortative mating: Negative

Answer 33

Dissimilar/complimentary animals breed; best male and worst female, etc.

Question 34

Inbreeding

Answer 34

Breeding of closely-related animals

Question 35

Outbreeding

Answer 35

The mating of less-related animals

Question 36

Crossbreeding

Answer 36

The breeding of individuals from different breeds

Question 37

Heterosis

Answer 37

The superiority of an outbred individual relative to the average performance of the parent populations included in the cross