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Biological Psychology > 8 - General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain > Flashcards

8 - General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain Flashcards

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0
Q

Stimulus

A

A physical event that triggers a sensory response

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1
Q

Sensory receptor organ

A

An organ (such as an eye or ear) specialized to receive particular stimuli

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2
Q

Receptor cell

A

A specialized cell that responds to a particular energy or substance in the internal or external environment, and converts this energy into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane

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3
Q

Adequate stimulus

A

The type of stimulus for which a given sensory organ is particularly adapted

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4
Q

Specific nerve energies

A

The doctrine that the receptors and neural channels for the different senses are independent and operate in their own separate ways, and can produce only one particular sensation each

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5
Q

Labeled lines

A

The concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only to a particular type of information

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6
Q

Sensory transduction

A

The process in which a receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane

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7
Q

Generator potential

A

A local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impact of stimuli and the initiation of action potentials

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8
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

A skin receptor cell type that detects vibration

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9
Q

Threshold

A

The stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger an action potential at the axon hillock

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10
Q

Coding

A

The rules by which action potentials in a sensory system reflect a physical stimulus

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11
Q

Range fractionation

A

A hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells, each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities

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12
Q

Somatosensory

A

Referring to the body sensation, particularly touch and pain sensation

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13
Q

Adaptation

A

The progressive loss of receptor sensitivity as stimulation is maintained

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14
Q

Tonic receptor

A

A receptor in which the frequency of action potentials declines slowly or not at all as stimulation is maintained

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15
Q

Phasic receptor

A

A receptor in which the frequency of action potentials drops rapidly as stimulation is maintained

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16
Q

Central modulation of sensory information

A

The process in which higher brain centers, such as the cortex and thalamus, suppress some sources of sensory information and amplify others

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17
Q

Sensory pathway

A

The chain of neural connections from sensory receptor cells to the cortex

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18
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain regions at the top of the brainstem that trade information with the cortex

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19
Q

Receptive field

A

The stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system

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20
Q

Primary sensory cortex

A

For a given sensory modality, the region of cortex that receives most of the information about that modality from the thalamus or, in the case of olfaction, directly from the secondary sensory neurons

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21
Q

Secondary sensory cortex or nonprimary sensory cortex

A

For a given sensory modality, the cortical regions receiving direct projections from primary sensory cortex for that modality

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22
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) or somatosensory 1

A

The gyrus just posterior to the central sulcus where sensory receptors on the body surface are mapped. Primary cortex for receiving touch and pain information; in the parietal lobe

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23
Q

Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) or somatosensory 2

A

The region of cortex that receives direct projections from primary somatosensory cortex

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24
Q

Attention

A

A state or condition of selective awareness or perceptual receptivity, by which specific stimuli are selected for enhanced processing

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25
Q

Polymodal

A

Involving several sensory modalities

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26
Q

Synesthesia

A

A condition in which stimuli in one modality evoke the involuntary experience of an additional sensation in another modality

27
Q

Epidermis

A

The outermost layer of skin, over the dermis

28
Q

Dermis

A

The middle layer of skin, between the epidermis and the hypodermis

29
Q

Hypodermis

A

Also called subcutaneous tissue. The innermost layer of skin, under the dermis

30
Q

Tactile

A

Of or relating to touch

31
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

A skin receptor cell type that detects light touch

32
Q

Merkel’s disc

A

A skin receptor cell type that detects light touch

33
Q

Dorsal column system

A

A somatosensory system that delivers most touch stimuli via the dorsal columns of spinal white matter to the brain

34
Q

Dermatome

A

A strip of skin innervated by a particular spinal root

35
Q

Ruffini’s ending

A

A skin receptor cell type that detects stretching of the skin

36
Q

Pain

A

The discomfort normally associated with tissue damage

37
Q

Congenital insensitivity to pain

A

The condition of being born without the ability to perceive pain

38
Q

Nociceptor

A

A receptor that responds to stimuli that produce tissue damage or pose the threat of damage

39
Q

Free nerve ending

A

An axon that terminates in the skin without any specialized cell associated with it and that detects pain and/or changes in temperature

40
Q

Capsaicin

A

A compound synthesized by various plants to deter predators by mimicking the experience of burning

41
Q

Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1)

A

Also called vanilloid receptor 1. A receptor that binds capsaicin to transmit the burning sensation from chili peppers and normally detects sudden increases in temperature

42
Q

Transient receptor potential 2 (TRP2)

A

A receptor, found in some free nerve endings, that opens its channel in response to rising temperatures

43
Q

A delta (Aß) fiber

A

A moderately large, myelinated, and therefore fast-conducting, axon, usually transmitting pain information

44
Q

C fiber

A

A small, unmyelinated axon that conducts pain information slowly and adapts slowly

45
Q

Cool-menthol receptor 1 (CMR1)

A

Also called TRP8. A sensory receptor, found in some free nerve endings, that opens an ion channel in response to a mild temperature drop or exposure to menthol

46
Q

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)

A

A neuropeptide that stimulates neurons in the dorsal horn to provide the sensation of an itch

47
Q

Anterolateral system or spinothalamic system

A

A somatosensory system that carries most of the pain information from the body to the brain

48
Q

Glutamate

A

An amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter

49
Q

Substance P

A

A peptide transmitter implicated in pain transmission

50
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain caused by damage to peripheral nerves; often difficult to treat

51
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

Also called cingulum. A region of medial cerebral cortex that lies dorsal to the corpus callosum

52
Q

Analgesia

A

Absence of or reduction in pain

53
Q

Opiates

A

A class of compounds that exert an effect like that of opium, including reduced pain sensitivity

54
Q

Opioids

A

A class of peptides produced in various regions of the brain that bind to opioid receptors and act like opiates

55
Q

Endogenous opioids

A

A family of peptide transmitters that have been called the body’s own narcotics. The three kinds are enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins

56
Q

Endorphins

A

One of three kinds of endogenous opioids

57
Q

Enkephalins

A

One of three kinds of endogenous opioids

58
Q

Dynorphins

A

One of three kinds of endogenous opioids

59
Q

Opioid receptor

A

A receptor that responds to endogenous and/or exogenous opioids

60
Q

Periaqueductal gray

A

The neuronal body-rich region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles; involved in pain perception

61
Q

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

A

The delivery of electrical pulses through electrodes attached to the skin, which excite nerves that supply the region to which pain is referred. TENS can relieve the pain in some instances

62
Q

Naloxone

A

A potent antagonist of opiates that is often administered to people who have taken drug overdoses. It binds to receptors for endogenous opioids

63
Q

Placebo

A

A substance, given to a patient, that is known to be ineffective or inert but that sometimes brings relief

64
Q

Acupuncture

A

The insertion of needles at designated points on the skin to alleviate pain or neurological malfunction

Biological Psychology (11 decks)

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