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Biological Psychology > 14 - Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming > Flashcards

14 - Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming Flashcards

0
Q

Diurnal

A

Active during the light periods of the daily cycle

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1
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period

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2
Q

Nocturnal

A

Active during the dark periods of the daily cycle

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3
Q

Free-running

A

Referring to rhythm of behavior shown by an animal deprived of external cues about time of day

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4
Q

Period

A

The interval of time between two similar points of successive cycles, such as sunset to sunset

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5
Q

Phase shift

A

A shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus

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6
Q

Entrainment

A

The process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus

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7
Q

Zeitgeber

A

Literally “time-giver.” The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms.

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8
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

A small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian oscillator

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9
Q

Pineal gland

A

A secretory gland in the brain midline; the source of melatonin release

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10
Q

Retinohypothalamic pathway

A

The projection of retinal ganglion cells to the suprachiasmatic nuclei

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11
Q

Melanopsin

A

A photopigment found within particular retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

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12
Q

Dimer

A

A complex of two proteins that have bound together

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13
Q

Ultradian

A

Referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is shorter than that of a circadian rhythm, usually from several minutes to several hours long.

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14
Q

Circannual

A

Occurring on a roughly annual basis

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15
Q

Infradian

A

Referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is longer than that of a circadian rhythm-that is, longer than a day

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16
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

The recording and study of gross electrical activity of the brain recorded from large electrodes placed on the scalp

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17
Q

Electro-oculography (EOG)

A

The electrical recording of eye movements

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18
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

The electrical recording of muscle activity

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19
Q

Slow-wave sleep (SWS)

A

Sleep, divided into stages 1-4, that is defined by the presence of slow-wave EEG activity

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20
Q

Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep

A

Also called paradoxical sleep. A stage of sleep characterized by small-amplitude, fast-EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid eye movements.

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21
Q

Desynchronized EEG

A

Also called beta activity. A pattern of EEG activity comprising a mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude

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22
Q

Alpha rhythm

A

A brain potential of 8 to 12 Hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness

23
Q

Vertex spike

A

A sharp-wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep

24
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

The initial stage of sleep, which is characterized by small amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension

25
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

A stage of sleep that is defined by bursts of regular 14 to 18 Hz EEG waves called sleep spindles

26
Q

Sleep spindle

A

A characteristic 14 to 18 Hz wave in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep

27
Q

K complex

A

A sharp negative EEG potential that is seen in stage 2 sleep

28
Q

Stage 3 sleep

A

A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by the spindles seen in stage 2 sleep, mixed with larger-amplitude slow waves

29
Q

Delta wave

A

The slowest type of EEG wave, characteristic of stages 3 and 4 slow-wave sleep

30
Q

Stage 4 sleep

A

A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by the presence of delta waves at least half of the time

31
Q

Nightmare

A

A long, frightening dream that awakens the sleeper from REM sleep

32
Q

Night terror

A

A sudden arousal from stage 3 or stage 4 slow-wave sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation

33
Q

Sleep cycle

A

A period of slow-wave sleep followed by a period of REM sleep. In humans, a sleep cycle lasts 90-110 minutes

34
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

The partial or total prevention of sleep

35
Q

Sleep recovery

A

The process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation

36
Q

Fatal familial insomnia

A

An inherited disorder in which humans sleep normally at the beginning of their life but in midlife stop sleeping, and 7-24 months later die

37
Q

Ecological niche

A

The unique assortment of environmental opportunities and challenges to which each organism is adapted

38
Q

General anesthetic

A

A drug that renders an individual unconscious

39
Q

Isolated brain

A

Sometimes referred to by the French term, encéphale isolé. An experimental preparation in which an animal’s brainstem has been separated from the spinal cord by a cut below the medulla

40
Q

Isolated forebrain

A

Sometimes referred to by the French term, cerveau isolé. An experimental preparation in which an animal’s nervous system has been cut in the upper midbrain, dividing the forebrain from the brainstem

41
Q

Basal forebrain

A

A ventral region in the forebrain that has been implicated in sleep

42
Q

Tuberomammillary nucleus

A

A region of the basal hypothalamus, near the pituitary stalk, that plays a role in generating SWS

43
Q

Reticular formation

A

An extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the medulla through the thalamus) that is involved in arousal (waking)

44
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours

45
Q

Cataplexy

A

Sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness

46
Q

Hypocretins

A

Also called orexins. Neuropeptides produced in the hypothalamus that are involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite

47
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

A state during the transition to or from sleep in which the ability to move or talk is temporarily lost

48
Q

Sleep enuresis

A

Bed-wetting

49
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking

50
Q

REM behavior disorder (RBD)

A

A sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream

51
Q

Sleep state misperception

A

Commonly, a person’s perception that he has not been asleep when in fact he was. Typically occurs at the start of a sleep episode

52
Q

Sleep-onset insomnia

A

Difficultly in falling asleep

53
Q

Sleep-maintenance insomnia

A

Difficultly in staying asleep

54
Q

Sleep apnea

A

A sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the patient. Excessive daytime somnolence results from the frequent nocturnal awakening

55
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

Also called crib death. The sudden unexpected death of an apparently healthy human infant who simply stops breathing, usually during sleep

Biological Psychology (11 decks)

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