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Biological Psychology > 16 - Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders > Flashcards

16 - Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders Flashcards

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0
Q

Delusion

A

A false believe strongly held in spite of contrary evidence

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1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The statistical study of patterns of disease in a population

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2
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A severe psychopathology characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and impoverished thought, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions

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3
Q

Dissociative thinking

A

A condition, seen in schizophrenia that is characterized by disturbances of thought and difficulty relating events properly

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4
Q

Positive symptom

A

In psychiatry, an abnormal state. Examples include hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behavior

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5
Q

Negative symptom

A

In psychiatry, a symptom that reflects insufficient functioning. Examples include emotional and social withdrawal, blunted affect, and slowness and impoverishment of thought and speech

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6
Q

Monozygotic

A

Referring to twins derived from a single fertilized egg (identical twins). Such individuals have the same genotype

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7
Q

Dizygotic

A

Referring to twins derived from separate eggs (fraternal twins). Such twins are no more closely related genetically than are other full siblings

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8
Q

Concordant

A

Referring to any trait that is seen in both individuals of a pair of twins

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9
Q

Discordant

A

Referring to any trait that is seen in only one individual of a pair of twins

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10
Q

Hypofrontality hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that schizophrenia may reflect underactivation of the frontal lobes

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11
Q

Amphetamine psychosis

A

A delusional and psychotic state, closely resembling acute schizophrenia, that is brought on by repeated use of high doses of amphetamine

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12
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

An antipsychotic drug, one of the class of phenothiazines

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13
Q

Phenothiazines

A

A class of antipsychotic drugs that reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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14
Q

Neuroleptics or antipsychotics

A

A class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors

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15
Q

Typical neuroleptics

A

A major class of anti-schizophrenic drugs that share an antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors

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16
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that schizophrenia results from excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine

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17
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Difficulty or distortion in voluntary movement

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18
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

A disorder characterized by involuntary movements, especially involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue; related to prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine

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19
Q

Supersensitivity psychosis

A

An exaggerated psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced, probably as a consequence of the up-regulation of receptors that occurred during drug treatment

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20
Q

Atypical neuroleptics

A

A class of antischizophrenic drugs that have actions other than the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics

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21
Q

Clozapine

A

An atypical neuroleptic

22
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP)

A

Also called angel dust. An anesthetic agent that is also a psychedelic drug. PCP makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and their environment

23
Q

Psychotomimetic

A

A drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia

24
Q

Glutamate hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by under-stimulation of glutamate receptors

25
Q

Depression

A

A psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy, and appetite; and difficulty concentrating

26
Q

Unipolar depression

A

Depression that alternates with normal emotional states

27
Q

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

A

A last-resort treatment for intractable depression in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure

28
Q

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

An enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivates monoamine transmitters

29
Q

Reserpine

A

A drug that causes the depletion of monoamines and can lead to depression

30
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

A

A drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses; commonly used to treat depression

31
Q

Deep brain simulation

A

Mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain

32
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

Psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and improving interpersonal relationships

33
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

A condition in which levels of adrenal glucocorticoids are abnormally high

34
Q

Postpartum depression

A

A bout of depression that afflicts a woman either immediately before or after giving birth

35
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

A depression putatively brought about by the short days of winter

36
Q

Learned helplessness

A

A learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable, unpleasant conditions

37
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Also called manic-depressive illness. A psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive, expansive moods

38
Q

Lithium

A

An element that, administered to patients, often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder

39
Q

Phobic disorder

A

An intense, irrational fear that become centered on a specific object, activity, or situation that a person feels compelled to avoid

40
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

Any of a class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorders

41
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

A class of anti anxiety drugs that bind with high affinity to receptor molecules in the central nervous system. One example is diazepam (Valium).

42
Q

Anxiolytics

A

A class of substances that are used to combat anxiety. Examples include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, and the benzodiazepines.

43
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

Formerly called combat fatigue, war neurosis, or shell shock. A disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim

44
Q

Fear conditioning

A

A form of learning in which fear comes to be associated with a previously neutral stimulus

45
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

A syndrome in which the affected individual engages in recurring, repetitive acts that are carried out without rhyme, reason, or the ability to stop

46
Q

Co-morbid

A

Referring to the tendency of certain diseases or disorders to occur together in individuals

47
Q

Tourette’s syndrome

A

A heightened sensitivity to tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli that may be accompanied by the buildup of an urge to emit verbal or phonic tics

48
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Surgery in which brain lesions are produced to modify severe psychiatric disorders

49
Q

Lobotomy

A

The detachment of a portion of the frontal lobe from the rest of the brain, once used as a treatment for schizophrenia and many other ailments

50
Q

Prion

A

A protein that can become improperly folded and thereby can induce other proteins to follow suit, leading to long protein chains that impair neural function

51
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

A

Mad cow disease, a disorder caused by improperly formed prion proteins, leading to dementia and death

52
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

A

A brain disorder in humans, leading to dementia and death, that is caused by improperly folded prion proteins; the human equivalent of mad cow disease

Biological Psychology (11 decks)

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