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MCIM 224 > 8 Fungi and Parasites (Midterm 1 up to here) > Flashcards

8 Fungi and Parasites (Midterm 1 up to here) Flashcards

1
Q

These organisms can be either unicellular or multicellular.

A

Fungi

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2
Q

Internal, membrane-bound structures of fungi are similar to those of eukaryotes, but differences b/w fungi and euk. are found in the cell envelope of fungi. What are these two differences?

A
  1. Ergosterol > sterol cmpnd found in fungal plasma membrane

2. Chitin > rigid, multi-layered carb structure (like bacterial PG) lying above plasma membrane

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3
Q

Fungi exist as two diff morphological types:

  1. ____
  2. ____
A
  1. Yeasts

2. Molds

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4
Q

Are yeasts single-celled or multi-cellular?

A

yeasts = single-celled fungi

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5
Q

Are molds single-celled or multi-cellular?

A

molds = multicellular fungi

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6
Q

This type of fungus reproduces by budding.

A

yeast

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7
Q

This type of fungus reproduces via a “spore” stage.

A

mold

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8
Q

This type of fungus forms filamentous structures called “hyphae”, a collection of which is called a “mycelium”.

A

mold

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9
Q

What are dimorphic fungi able to do?

A

Alternate b/w yeast and mold forms, depending on the envir

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10
Q

T or F: Relatively few fungi cause disease, but the diseases are usually severe.

A

T

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11
Q

List the three types of fungal diseases.

A
  1. Hypersensitivity diseases
  2. Mycotoxicoses
  3. Mycoses
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12
Q

Fungal hypersensitivity diseases are allergic responses to fungal ____ and ____.

A

spores, metabolites

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13
Q

What is a mycotoxicosis?

A

A poisoning due to ingesting a fungal metabolic product.

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14
Q

What is a mycosis?

A

An infection due to growth of fungus in/on a human host.

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15
Q

How are mycoses classified?

A

According to how DEEPLY the fungus penetrates tissues.

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16
Q

3 types of mycoses?

A
  1. Cutaneous (superficial)
  2. Subcutaneous
  3. Systemic (deep)
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17
Q

Cutaneous mycoses are caused by ______, fungi who use keratin as a nutrient source

A

dermatophytes

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18
Q

These types of mycoses are often associated w/ cuts or wounds.

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

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19
Q

These are fungal infections of internal organs.

A

systemic (deep) mycoses

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20
Q

These types of mycoses are associated w/ fungal growth on the outermost layers of the skin, nails, etc.

A

cutaneous (superficial) mycoses

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21
Q

These types of mycoses are characterized by fungal infections of deeper skin and subcutaneous tissues.

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

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22
Q

These types of mycoses can be VERY SEVERE.

A

Systemic (deep) mycoses

23
Q

This type of fungus is found asymptomatically as part of normal human flora

A

Candida (a yeast)

24
Q

How are fungal infections diagnosed in the lab? (2)

A
  1. Direct microscopic examination

2. Growth on culture media > biochemical identification

25
Q

Why is it difficult to achieve “selective toxicity” w/ antifungal medications?

A

Fungi and humans are BOTH eukaryotic, so meds that target fungal cells can also target human cells > potential toxicity

26
Q

Anti-fungals usually have two modes of action. What’re they?

A
  1. Target fungal cell envelope

2. Interfere w/ DNA/RNA synthesis

27
Q

What’re parasites?

A

organisms that reside in or on a mammalian host as part of its lifecycle

28
Q

T or F: Parasites can be either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.

A

F

Parasites are only eukaryotic

29
Q

What’re the two taxonomic gps of parasites?

A
  1. Protozoa

2. Helminths (metazoa)

30
Q

These types of parasites are microscopic only

A

protozoa

31
Q

These types of parasites can be either microscopic OR macroscopic

A

helminths

32
Q

These types of parasites are multicellular worms

A

helminths

33
Q

These types of parasites are similar to yeast in size and internal complexity

A

protozoa

34
Q

These types of parasites have differentiated organs/tisues

A

helminths

35
Q

What’re the two morphological forms that some protozoa can alternate between?

A
  1. Trophozoite

2. Cyst

36
Q

Trophozoite or cyst?

Metabolically active and replicative protozoan form found inside the host.

A

Trophozoite

37
Q

Trophozoite or cyst?

Dormant, non-replicating form of protozoan w/ a thickened wall to facilitate survival.
Also, this is the form that’s gets transmitted from host to host.

A

Cyst

38
Q

What’re the three types of helminths that’re of human importance?

A
  1. Nematodes
  2. Tapeworms
  3. Flukes
39
Q

Are helminths usually microscopic or macroscopic?

A

Macroscopic

40
Q

How do helminths reproduce?

A

Via eggs that hatch into larvae and grow into adult worms

41
Q

Infective form of helminth?

A

Eggs/larvae

42
Q

What’re the two taxonomic gps of parasites?

A
  1. Protozoa

2. Helminths (metazoa)

43
Q

This form of helminth causes symptoms of disease.

A

Adult worms

44
Q

How’re giardiasis parasitic infections transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route

45
Q

Is giardiasis caused by helminths or protozoa?

A

Protozoa

46
Q

How is the cyst form of Giardia lamblia (causes giardiasis) converted into the trophozoite form in vivo?

A

Stomach digestive enzymes degrade the cyst wall, triggering conversion to trophozoite form in the intestinal tract

47
Q

T or F: Amoebic meningitis is a common CNS infection caused by Naegleria fowleri (parasitic protozoan)

A

F

This type of CNS infection is extremely rare.

48
Q

Amoebic meningitis has a fatality rate of almost 100%.

A

T

49
Q

What’s the infective form of N. fowleri?

a) Amoeboid trophozoite
b) Flagellate trophozote
c) Cyst

A

a)

50
Q

From where must N. fowleri enter through in order to cause infecton?

A

Nasal mucosa

51
Q

Another name for N. fowleri?

A

“Brain-eating amoeba”

52
Q

What is one of the most common helminth infections?

A

Pinworms

53
Q

How’re parasitic infections usually diagnosed?

A

Microscopic examination

54
Q

T or F: There’re few anti-parasitic agents in clinical use

A

T

MCIM 224 (25 decks)

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