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MCIM 224 > 3 Anatomy of a Typical Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Cell > Flashcards

3 Anatomy of a Typical Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Avg size of a bacterium?

A

2 micron diameter

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2
Q

What is the advantage of having a high surface-to-volume ratio?

A

Nutrients and wastes can move into and out of the bacterial cell, respectively, quite efficiently

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3
Q

3 main bacterial shapes?

A
  1. Bacillus (rod)
  2. Coccus (round)
  3. Spirochete (spiral)
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4
Q

How can bacteria be arranged? (4)

A
  1. Singles
  2. Pairs
  3. Clusters
  4. Chains
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5
Q

T or F: Bacteria are relatively complex compared to eukaryotic cells.

A

F

They are, in fact, simpler than eukaryotic cells.

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6
Q

Name the 3 typical structures of a bacterial cell.

A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. Cell envelope/wall
  3. “External”/optional structures
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7
Q

T or F: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes have the same function since they both have the same structure.

A

F

The prokaryotic ribosome DOES indeed have the same fn as the eukaryotic ribosome. However, their structures are different.

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8
Q

The cell envelope of Gram _____ bacteria has three layers: An inner plasma membrane, a thin peptidoglycan layer, and an outer plasma membrane.

A

negative

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9
Q

The cell envelope of Gram _____ bacteria has two layers: An inner plasma membrane and a thick outer peptidoglycan layer.

A

positive

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10
Q

T or F: The INNER plasma membrane of prokaryotes are basically the same as the plasma membrane of eukaryotes in both structure and function.

A

F

They ARE similar in general structure, but NOT in function

(they contain “metabolic” proteins [i.e. they’re “active” membranes])

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11
Q

Name the component of prokaryotic cell walls that’s not found in eukaryotic cells.

A

Peptidoglycan

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12
Q

What is a peptidoglycan monomer composed of?

A

Two carbohydrates and four amino acids.

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13
Q

How many layers of peptidoglycan does a Gram negative bacteria have?

A

1-2 layers

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14
Q

How many layers of peptidoglycan does a Gram positive bacteria have?

A

Multiple

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15
Q

Name an enzyme that can break peptidoglycan apart. In what location does it cleave?

A

Lysozyme.

It cleaves the bond b/w NAG and NAM

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16
Q

What determines whether a cell is Gram positive or negative?

A

Thickness of peptidoglycan component of the cell wall

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17
Q

Why do Gram negative cells not remain purple during the Gram staining process?

A

Because they have fewer layers of peptidoglycan, and so the dye is not as easily trapped.

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18
Q

What colour are Gram positive bacteria after staining?

A

Purple

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19
Q

What colour are Gram negative bacteria after staining?

A

Red

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20
Q

Do Gram positive or negative bacteria have an outer cell membrane?

A

Gram negative

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21
Q

What unique molecule (not found in eukaryotes) is embedded in the outer membrane of a Gram negative bacterium?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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22
Q

What are the three parts of a LPS?

A
  1. O-antigen
  2. Core polysaccharide
  3. Lipid A
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23
Q

What is the fn of LPS molecules?

A

Protect the bacterium. It repels toxic compounds in the envir

24
Q

The human immune sys recognizes the _____ part of LPS.

A

O-antigen

25
Q

This part of the LPS causes shock, inflammation, and fever; hence, LPS is also known as ENDOTOXIN

A

Lipid A

26
Q

What is a pyrogenic?

A

Anything that can induce fever.

27
Q

What part of a Gram negative bacterium is considered to be a pyrogenic agent?

A

LPS (its lipid A component, specifically)

28
Q

Name 2 structural diffs b/w Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

A
  1. Gram positive bacteria have a much thicker peptidoglycan layer
  2. Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane and LPS
29
Q

Name two bacterial species that deviate from the typical Gram (-) and (+) cell envelope structures.

A
  1. Mycobacteria species

2. Mycoplasma species

30
Q

Name the 3 typical structures of a bacterial cell.

A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. Cell envelope/wall
  3. “External”/optional structures
31
Q

T or F: ALL bacteria have external structures.

A

F

They’re optional (i.e. not necessarily there)

32
Q

Name 4 optional structures of bacteria.

A
  1. Flagella
  2. Pili (aka fimbriae) [sing. pilus]
  3. Capsular polysaccharide (aka capsule)
  4. Bacterial spores (aka endospores)
33
Q

What are flagella?

A

Long, thick filaments that can cause movement due to whip-like or propeller-like movements

34
Q

T or F: Flagellar bacteria only have ONE flagellum.

A

F

The number of flagella vary in location and number per cell. It depends on species.

35
Q

What are pili?

A

Filaments used to ATTACH bacteria to other cells

36
Q

What’re the two types of pili?

A
  1. Sex pili

2. Common pili

37
Q

What’re sex pili used for?

A

Attaching bacteria to other bacteria

38
Q

What’re common pili used for?

A

Attaching bacteria to eukaryotic cells & tissues

39
Q

What structure is necessary for many bacteria to cause disease?

A

Common pili

40
Q

What are capsular polysaccharides? (aka “capsules”?)

A

Viscous, sticky polysaccharide material surrounding the bacterial cell

41
Q

T or F: Capsular polysaccharide structure is constant across species and strains.

A

F

The chemical structure of the polysaccharide varies b/w species (and s.times b/w strains too).

42
Q

What are the two main fns of capsules?

A
  1. Protection

2. Attachment

43
Q

What do we call a community of bacteria attached to a living or non-living surface via capsular polysaccharide?

A

Biofilm

44
Q

What are single-species biofilms mostly involved in?

A

Human infections

45
Q

Where are multi-species biofilms mostly found?

A

Natural envirs

46
Q

Name three areas where biofilms can form, making them medically-relevant problems.

A
  1. Biofilms form on human tissues during infection > makes it more difficult to treat
  2. Biofilms form on implanted medical devices
  3. Biofilms form on tooth surfaces (i.e. plaque)
47
Q

T or F: Biofilms can detach and become established elsewhere.

A

T

48
Q

Name 4 optional structures of bacteria.

A
  1. Flagella
  2. Pili (aka fimbriae) [sing. pilus]
  3. Capsular polysaccharide (aka capsule)
  4. Bacterial spores (aka endospores)
49
Q

What are endospores?

A

Dormant, non-growing form of bacteria

50
Q

What causes endospore conversion?

A

Environmental stress

51
Q

Endospore formation is mostly a _____ mechanism

A

survival

52
Q

T or F: Spores multiply faster than bacteria.

A

F

Spores are DORMANT. They don’t multiply.

53
Q

When do spores become vegetative (“growing state”) again?

A

When environmental stresses are gone and growth conditions are favourable.

54
Q

How long can a spore stay dormant before it’s no longer able to revert to a growing, vegetative cell?

A

AT LEAST several decades (maybe longer)

55
Q

T or F: Spores are more easily killed by pasteurization, boiling, and some germicides.

A

F

Spores are NOT killed by these things.

MCIM 224 (25 decks)

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