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MCIM 224 > 18 Immunology IV: Practical Aspects of Immunology (diagnostic tests, vaccines, etc.) > Flashcards

18 Immunology IV: Practical Aspects of Immunology (diagnostic tests, vaccines, etc.) Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of test can be used to exploit the antibody-antigen interactions?

A

Serological assays (serology)

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2
Q

What’s the principle of serological assays?

A

Since the Ab-Ag interaction is highly specific, if you have one, you can use it to detect the other

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3
Q

Name a specific type of serological assay.

A

ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay)

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4
Q

What does the presence of antibodies in someone’s blood tell you? [i.e. What does a positive ELISA test tell you?] (3)

A
  1. Current active infection w/ microbe
  2. Previous infection w/ the same microbe, but pt has recovered
  3. Prev. vaccination w/ the same microbe
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5
Q

Why can a person who’s infected w/ a microbe still give a negative ELISA result?

A

If testing is done during the “window period” b/w first contact w/ microbe and time at which first antibodies appear

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6
Q

A negative ELISA result can mean…(2)

A
  1. you don’t have antibodies for the microbe

2. you’re testing too early (during “window period”)

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7
Q

T or F: ELISA tests can be used to detect antibodies OR antigens.

A

T

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8
Q

How can ELISA tests be used to detect antigens:

A
  1. Start w/ antibody
  2. Submerge in soln w/ suspected antigen > antibody “captures” antigen
  3. Use second (“detection”) antibody
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9
Q

Name a common diagnostic test that uses ELISA “antibody-capture” technology.

A

Pregnancy tests

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10
Q

Name a type of test that utilizes Ab-Ag interactions to test for the presence of specific bacteria. “Clumping” rxns b/w antibody+bacteria are being looked for in this test.

A

Agglutination Test

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11
Q

What 3 broad categories of external agents can be used to alter immune sys fn via external manipulation?

A
  1. Pharmaceuticals
  2. Nutrients
  3. Nutritional supplements
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12
Q

Two types of pharmaceuticals that can alter immune sys fn?

A
  1. Immunosuppressive drugs

2. Immunostimulatory drugs

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13
Q

What’s the main problem w/ pharmaceuticals that can alter immune sys fn?

A

Most of them act NON-SPECIFICALLY > unwanted side effects

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14
Q

How do immunosuppressive drugs work?

A

Inhibit cell-mediated immunity, either by blocking cell division (inc’l T-cells) or blocking synthesis of cytokines

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15
Q

How do immunostimulatory drugs work?

A

Stimulate production of lymphocytes in bone marrow

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16
Q

Deficiency in some nutrients ____ immune fn.

A

impairs

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17
Q

Most studied nutrients wrt the immune sys? (5)

A
  1. Zn
  2. Selenium
  3. Cu
  4. Vitamins
  5. folic acid
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18
Q

What specific vegetable has been associated w/ immune sys boosting?

A

Broccoli

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19
Q

What’s the problem w/ nutritional supplements?

A

Evidence for efficacy controversial

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20
Q

What is “Cold-fX” made of?

A

Extract of North American Ginseng

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21
Q

What’re Cold-fX’s claims?

A
  1. Stimulates macrophage production/activity
  2. Increased amts of cytokines
  3. Increased production of B-cells and higher levels of circulating IgG
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22
Q

Have studies showed evidence for Cold-fX’s benefits in boosting the immune system?

A

No

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23
Q

Should we “boost” or “maintain” our immune sys?

A

Maintain (live healthy)

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24
Q

How can we create a protective immune response against a microbe without having to go through a natural infection first?

A

By immunizing w/ VACCINES

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25
Q

What is the principle of vaccination?

A

Memory B and/or T-cells are produced > future exposure > rapid immune response > rapid elimination of microbe before disease occurs

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26
Q

What is PASSIVE immunization?

A

TEMPORARY, short-term immunity that results when a person receives pre-existing antibodies from someone else

27
Q

Two examples of passive immunization? What does ea. involve?

A
  1. Immune globulin
    >IgG purified and collected from many donors carrying immunoglobulins against many diff pathogens
  2. Maternal antibodies
    >IgG transferred from mom to fetus that gives partial protection against microbes for first 4-6 mths of live
28
Q

Two examples of immune globulin passive immunization?

A
  1. Post-exposure prophylaxis (helps w/ recent exposures)

2. Intravenous Immune Globulin (“IVIG”) (helps w/ inds who have trouble producing their own antibodies)

29
Q

What influences the scheduling of early childhood vaccinations?

A

The disappearance of maternal antibodies

30
Q

Define “active immunization”

A

longer-term immunity due to a natural immune response following exposure to an antigen (eg. a microbe)

31
Q

How can active immunization be achieved?

A

by using VACCINES

32
Q

Define vaccine:

A

A microbe, or a part of a microbe, that by itself does not cause
disease, but instead produces humoral &/or cell-mediated immunity

33
Q

Two major types of vaccines:

A
  1. Whole-cell vaccines

2. Sub-unit vaccines

34
Q

Two types of whole-cell vaccines:

A
  1. Killed whole-cell vaccines

2. Live, attenuated whole-cell vaccines

35
Q

What’re whole-cell vaccines composed of?

A

ENTIRE microbe and all its antigenic parts

36
Q

What’re sub-unit vaccines?

A

Parts of the microbe that’re the most antigenic and/or needed to cause disease

37
Q

What’s the risk of killed whole-cell vaccines?

A

Adverse rxns bc “toxic” bacterial components may still be present (e.g. LPS)

38
Q

T or F: There’s a chance of getting a disease from killed whole-cell vaccines

A

F (the microbe is KILLED)

39
Q

What’re live attenuated whole-cell vaccines?

A

Living microbes that’ve been weakened (“attenuated”)

40
Q

How’re live, attenuated whole-cell vaccines made?

A

Microbe is continuously grown in lab until it accumulates mutations that REDUCE its ability to grow inside human host

41
Q

What type of whole-cell vaccine results in life-long immunity?

A

Live, attenuated whole-cell vaccines

42
Q

What type of whole-cell vaccine requires repeated immunizations?

A

Killed, whole-cell vaccines

43
Q

Two probs w/ live, attenuated whole-cell vaccines?

A
  1. Slight risk of “back-mutation” to the original, non-attenuated microbe
  2. Immunocompromised inds are not advised to get them
44
Q

Synonym for “Sub-unit” vaccines?

A

Acellular

45
Q

What’s used to make sub-unit vaccines?

A

Ind, purified bacterial components (instead of whole cells) that give a strong immune rxns/are known to be req’d for disease

46
Q

Give 3 e.g.’s of components used to make sub-unit vaccines:

A
  1. Capsular polysaccharide
  2. Pili
  3. Bacterial toxins
47
Q

Probs w/ sub-unit vaccines?

A
  1. Less likely to produce cell-mediated immunity

2. Less likely to give life-long immunity (booster shots required)

48
Q

What type of vaccine is the tetanus vaccine?

A

Sub-unity vaccine

49
Q

What’re adjuvants?

A

Non-antigenic components in vaccines that ENHANCE the immune response to the antigen

50
Q

What type of vaccines are adjuvants esp. useful for?

A

Sub-unit vaccines

51
Q

Possible side-effect of adjuvants?

A

Mild, adverse rxns at site of injection

52
Q

What is the most important strategy wrt vaccinations?

A

TIMING of vaccination

53
Q

What can occur if a vaccine is given to an infant too early while his maternal antibodies are still present?

A

The maternal antibodies will interfere w/ the immune response to the vaccine if the first dose is given too early

54
Q

What is “herd immunity”?

A

Protection achieved by being part of a lger gp that includes many immunized members

55
Q

T or F: It’s necessary to vaccinate 100% of the pop in order to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

A

F

this is due to “herd immunity”

56
Q

T or F: At least 90% of the pop MUST be vaccinated before herd immunity is achieved.

A

F

It always varies depending on many factors (such as effectiveness of the vaccine, contagiousness of microbe, etc.)

57
Q

T or F: Side effects tend to be more of a concern w/ older vaccines compared to current ones.

A

T

58
Q

What was the prob w/ the older oral poliovirus vaccine?

A

It was a live, attenuated virus

59
Q

What’re most side effects of vaccines due to?

A

The ADDITIVES included in the vaccine formulation (not the antigen itself)

60
Q

T or F: There’s evidence to support links between vaccine usage and serious complications (eg. autism, etc.).

A

F

61
Q

Do vaccines actually work?

A

Yes (huge drop in disease cases in postvaccine era)

62
Q

List some challenges associated w/ vaccine development (7):

A
  1. Finding the right microbial antigen > should give protective immunity and avoid adverse rxn
  2. Getting better life-long immunity and reducing the need for “boosters”
  3. Increasing vaccine stability under adverse conditions (e.g. those used in 3rd world settings)
  4. Improving delivery systems
  5. Increasing % of ppl vaccinated
  6. Improving public perception/awareness of vaccine benefits
  7. Maintaining high vaccination rates for “old” diseases
63
Q

What’s the problem w/ “bundling” ind vaccines into one fmlation?

A

More components = weaker immune response to ea. ind component

MCIM 224 (25 decks)

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