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8 excretion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Excretion is ….

A

the removal of metabolic waste products from body

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2
Q

Excretion is important as buildup of metabolic waste products is _____ to our bodies when they are over accumulated

A

toxic

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3
Q

Metabolism can be categorized as _____ &_____

A

Catabolism, anabolism

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4
Q

Anabolism is the _______ ___ of ______ substances into more ______ ones

A

building up, simpler, complex

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5
Q

Catabolism is the _______ _____ of ________ substances into ________ ones

A

breaking down, complex, simpler

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6
Q

Functions of kidneys:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Excretion
  2. Osmoregulation
  3. Regulation of pH levels
  4. Influence RBC production and blood pressure
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7
Q

______ is the tube connecting kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureter

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8
Q

______ is the elastic, muscular bag storing urine

A

Bladder

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9
Q

The ______ brings blood from the heart to the kidneys, ________ _____ ____ brings blood away from the kidneys to the heart

A

Aorta, Inferior vena cava

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10
Q

______ _____ bring blood from kidneys to inferior vena cava. It has the _______ concentration of urea as it was just filtered in the kidneys

A

Renal veins, lowest

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11
Q

______ _____ are at the bottom of the urinary bladder. It controls flow of urine out of ______

A

Sphincter muscles, urethra

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12
Q

_______ is the duct that lets urine pass through from the bladder to out of the body

A

Urethra

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13
Q

Osmoregulation is …

A

the regulation of water and mineral salts content in body to suitable levels, maintaining constant water potential in blood.

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14
Q

Too much water in blood plasma may cause ___ _______, too less water in blood plasma causes _______ in cells

A

cell lysis, crenation

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15
Q

_________ _________ carries blood to the glomerulus and the ________ ________ carries blood away from the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

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16
Q

Which is wider? Afferent or efferent arteriole?

A

Afferent.

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17
Q

Why is afferent arteriole wider than the efferent arteriole?

A

To increase blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus, forcing blood plasma out of the ppm.
of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule via ultrafiltration.

18
Q

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus forms _______

A

Renal corpuscle

19
Q

Ultrafiltration is the __ stage of urine formation. It is when small particles are forced through the _________ __________ into the _________ __________ leaving the __________ _________

A

1st, glomerular capillaries, Bowman’s capsule, glomerular filtrate

20
Q

Glomerular filtrate contains
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Urea
  3. Amino acids
  4. Ions
  5. Vitamins
  6. Water
21
Q

Glomerular filtrate DO NOT contain:
1.
2.

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. Proteins
22
Q

Order of motion of glomerular filtrate in nephron:
Afferent arteriole->___->___->_____->____->____->____

A

glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Proximal convoluted tube, Loop of Henlé, Distal convoluted tube, collecting duct

23
Q

Selective absorption occurs at _____ & ______ via _____ & ______

A

Proximal convoluted tube, Loop of Henlé, osmosis, active transport

24
Q

_____, ______ & ______ are reabsorbed via osmosis and AT back into blood (at _______)

A

glucose, amino acids, mineral salts, peritubular capillaries

25
Q

The proximal convoluted tube requires high numbers of _______ to provide energy for AT & has ______ for quickest rate of diffusion

A

mitochondria, microvilli

26
Q

________ & ________ reabsorbs water

A

Loop of Henlé, DCT

27
Q

Causes of kidney failure:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Poorly managed diabetes, high blood pressure
  2. Accidents
  3. Long periods of dehydration
  4. Poor blood flow
28
Q

Treatment of kidney failure:
1.
2.

A
  1. Dialysis
  2. Kidney transplant
29
Q

The function of the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is to ….

A

control water potential of blood plasma

30
Q

ADH is produced at the _____ in the _____ & released by ______ into _____

A

hypothalamus, brain, pituitary gland, bloodstream

31
Q

ADH promotes _______ of water from ______ at ______ & ______ by _______ permeability of cells to water

A

Reabsorption, glomerular filtrate, DCT, collecting duct, increasing

32
Q

An increase of ADH leads to a(n) _______ in ________ of DCT and collecting duct, and a(n) ________ in reabsorption of water and a(n) _______ volume of urine

A

increase, permeability, increase, decrease

33
Q

This leads to a(n) _______ in concentration of urea/waste products in urine

A

increase

34
Q

Loss of water in blood plasma prompts ______ ADH to be released

A

more

so DCT and collecting duct more permeable to water, more water reemeters bloodstream, water potential in blood plasma increases to normal. Urine is more concentrated

34
Q

An excess of water in blood plasma prompts ______ ADH to be released

A

lesser

so DCT and collecting duct less permeable to water, less water reemeters bloodstream, water potential in blood plasma decreases to normal. Urine is less concentrated

35
Q

Factors affecting urine composition:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. Protein rich diet
  2. Heavy intake of glucose
  3. Heavy intake of salty food
  4. Large intake of liquids/water-rich food
  5. Cold weather
  6. Diabetes mellitus
36
Q

Increase in protein consumption
-Leads to more _______ leading to more _______ in liver, causing increase in _____ in urine

A

amino acids, deamination, urea

37
Q

Heavy intake of glucose
-Causes more _____ excreted in urine

A

glucose

38
Q

Heavy intake of salty food
-Causes more ______ excreted in urine

A

salt

39
Q

Large intake of liquids/water-rich food
-Causes more ______ excreted in urine

A

water

40
Q

Cold weather
-Causes less ______ secretion
-Leading to more ______ excreted in urine

A

sweat, water

41
Q

Diabetes mellitus
-Causes considerable amounts of ______ excreted in urine
-Due to excess ______ in bloodstream, which is unable to be stored as ______ as pancreas cannot secrete ______
-_____blood glucose levels as a result.
-Nephrons unable to reabsorb glucose fast enough causing ….

A

Glucose, glucose, glycogen, insulin, high, increase in glucose excreted in urine

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