8 excretion Flashcards
Excretion is ….
the removal of metabolic waste products from body
Excretion is important as buildup of metabolic waste products is _____ to our bodies when they are over accumulated
toxic
Metabolism can be categorized as _____ &_____
Catabolism, anabolism
Anabolism is the _______ ___ of ______ substances into more ______ ones
building up, simpler, complex
Catabolism is the _______ _____ of ________ substances into ________ ones
breaking down, complex, simpler
Functions of kidneys:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Excretion
- Osmoregulation
- Regulation of pH levels
- Influence RBC production and blood pressure
______ is the tube connecting kidneys to the bladder
Ureter
______ is the elastic, muscular bag storing urine
Bladder
The ______ brings blood from the heart to the kidneys, ________ _____ ____ brings blood away from the kidneys to the heart
Aorta, Inferior vena cava
______ _____ bring blood from kidneys to inferior vena cava. It has the _______ concentration of urea as it was just filtered in the kidneys
Renal veins, lowest
______ _____ are at the bottom of the urinary bladder. It controls flow of urine out of ______
Sphincter muscles, urethra
_______ is the duct that lets urine pass through from the bladder to out of the body
Urethra
Osmoregulation is …
the regulation of water and mineral salts content in body to suitable levels, maintaining constant water potential in blood.
Too much water in blood plasma may cause ___ _______, too less water in blood plasma causes _______ in cells
cell lysis, crenation
_________ _________ carries blood to the glomerulus and the ________ ________ carries blood away from the glomerulus
Afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole
Which is wider? Afferent or efferent arteriole?
Afferent.
Why is afferent arteriole wider than the efferent arteriole?
To increase blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus, forcing blood plasma out of the ppm.
of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule via ultrafiltration.
Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus forms _______
Renal corpuscle
Ultrafiltration is the __ stage of urine formation. It is when small particles are forced through the _________ __________ into the _________ __________ leaving the __________ _________
1st, glomerular capillaries, Bowman’s capsule, glomerular filtrate
Glomerular filtrate contains
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
- Glucose
- Urea
- Amino acids
- Ions
- Vitamins
- Water
Glomerular filtrate DO NOT contain:
1.
2.
- Red blood cells
- Proteins
Order of motion of glomerular filtrate in nephron:
Afferent arteriole->___->___->_____->____->____->____
glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Proximal convoluted tube, Loop of Henlé, Distal convoluted tube, collecting duct
Selective absorption occurs at _____ & ______ via _____ & ______
Proximal convoluted tube, Loop of Henlé, osmosis, active transport
_____, ______ & ______ are reabsorbed via osmosis and AT back into blood (at _______)
glucose, amino acids, mineral salts, peritubular capillaries
The proximal convoluted tube requires high numbers of _______ to provide energy for AT & has ______ for quickest rate of diffusion
mitochondria, microvilli
________ & ________ reabsorbs water
Loop of Henlé, DCT
Causes of kidney failure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Poorly managed diabetes, high blood pressure
- Accidents
- Long periods of dehydration
- Poor blood flow
Treatment of kidney failure:
1.
2.
- Dialysis
- Kidney transplant
The function of the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is to ….
control water potential of blood plasma
ADH is produced at the _____ in the _____ & released by ______ into _____
hypothalamus, brain, pituitary gland, bloodstream
ADH promotes _______ of water from ______ at ______ & ______ by _______ permeability of cells to water
Reabsorption, glomerular filtrate, DCT, collecting duct, increasing
An increase of ADH leads to a(n) _______ in ________ of DCT and collecting duct, and a(n) ________ in reabsorption of water and a(n) _______ volume of urine
increase, permeability, increase, decrease
This leads to a(n) _______ in concentration of urea/waste products in urine
increase
Loss of water in blood plasma prompts ______ ADH to be released
more
so DCT and collecting duct more permeable to water, more water reemeters bloodstream, water potential in blood plasma increases to normal. Urine is more concentrated
An excess of water in blood plasma prompts ______ ADH to be released
lesser
so DCT and collecting duct less permeable to water, less water reemeters bloodstream, water potential in blood plasma decreases to normal. Urine is less concentrated
Factors affecting urine composition:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
- Protein rich diet
- Heavy intake of glucose
- Heavy intake of salty food
- Large intake of liquids/water-rich food
- Cold weather
- Diabetes mellitus
Increase in protein consumption
-Leads to more _______ leading to more _______ in liver, causing increase in _____ in urine
amino acids, deamination, urea
Heavy intake of glucose
-Causes more _____ excreted in urine
glucose
Heavy intake of salty food
-Causes more ______ excreted in urine
salt
Large intake of liquids/water-rich food
-Causes more ______ excreted in urine
water
Cold weather
-Causes less ______ secretion
-Leading to more ______ excreted in urine
sweat, water
Diabetes mellitus
-Causes considerable amounts of ______ excreted in urine
-Due to excess ______ in bloodstream, which is unable to be stored as ______ as pancreas cannot secrete ______
-_____blood glucose levels as a result.
-Nephrons unable to reabsorb glucose fast enough causing ….
Glucose, glucose, glycogen, insulin, high, increase in glucose excreted in urine
