11 infectious disease Flashcards
A disease is a condition that causes the body to function _____ effectively and produce specifics signs/______
less, symptoms
What is a pathogen?
A disease-causing organism
Examples of pathogens:
Virus, bacteria, parasites, fungi
Non-infectious disease is ____ caused by _______
not, pathogens
People get non-infectious diseases by _______, _______ ______ or _ ________
inheritance, environmental factors, a(n) (unhealthy) lifestyle
Ways infectious diseases spread:
1.
2.
3.
- droplets in the air
- direct contact
- contaminated food and water
Droplets in the air:
>when a person coughs or sneezes, numerous ________ ________ expelled. droplets may contain ________. people at close range may ________ the droplets and get _______
respiratory droplets, pathogens, breathe in (inhale), infected
Direct contact:
>when ________ ______ are exchanged during sexual intercourse. pathogens can be spread when ____/________ ________ of an infected person comes into contact with that of another person
bodily fluids, skin/mucous membrane
Contaminated food/water:
>food and water may be contaminated by ________, may occur when food and water not ________ ________/_________
pathogens, properly stored/handled
Examples of pathogens that spread through droplets in the air:
SARS-COV-2 (causing COVID-19), SARS-COV-1, measles, chickenpox (varicella zoster), influenza, pneumococcal disease
Examples of pathogens that spread thru direct contact (sexually transmitted illnesses):
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), gonorrhea, human papilloma virus (HPV), syphilis, herpes, chlamydia
Examples of pathogens that spread thru direct contact (mother to fetus):
hepatitis b, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), chickenpox (varicella zoster), herpes
Examples of pathogens that spread thru contaminated food/water:
salmonella, norovirus, escherichia coli (e. coli), cholera (vibrio cholerae), typhoid fever
Methods preventing spread of water and food-borne illnesses:
-practiceโฆ
-goodโฆ
-cleanโฆ
-properโฆ
-practice hygienic food prep and storage
-good personal hygiene
-clean water supply
-proper sewage system
Methods preventing spread of illnesses spreading through droplets in the air:
-wearโฆ
-โฆexposed surfaces
-practiceโฆ
-โฆregularly
-wear a mask
-wipe down and sanitize exposed surfaces
-practice social distancing
-wash hands regularly
Methods preventing spread of illnesses spreading through direct contact:
-practiceโฆ
-practice safe sex
Features & organelles of bacterial cells:
-c
-c
-c
-r
-p
-D
-f
-cell wall
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-plasmids (circular DNA)
-DNA
-1/more flagella
Linear double-stranded DNA molecule found in _______ _______ & ______ _____ while circular and coiled DNA (more stable than circular) are found in ________ _____
nuclei of animal & plant cells, in bacterial cells
Basic structure of a virus:
-a _______ coat called ______ around its ________, which is either DNA/RNA. has _______ _______ on its _____ _________ to allow them to enter cells
protein, capsid, genetic material, protein spikes, lipid envelope
Viruses do not have cellular structure like ______, ________ or ________.
cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles
Viruses need a living host to reproduce as they need to _______ a living cell, _________ cell functions and forcing cell to _________ of the virus from the instructions in its genetic material
enter, overtake, make copies
Symptoms of Influenza:
-f
-h
-c
-s
-c
-r
-m
-f
-fever
-headache
-cough
-sore throat
-chills
-runny nose
-muscle ache
-fatigue
Symptoms of Pneumococcal disease:
-f
-c
-s
-s
-v
-p
-fever
-cough
-shortness of breath
-severe headaches
-vomiting
-photophobia
Influenza is caused by the Influenza ______, and is transmitted via ________ __ ___ ___ or touching __________ objects then touching _____, ______ or _______
virus, droplets in the air, contaminated, mouth, nose, eyes
Pneumococcal disease is caused by __________ _________, also known as ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ต๐ฐ๐ค๐ฐ๐ค๐ค๐ถ๐ด ๐ฑ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ช๐ข๐ฆ. It is transmitted via _______ __ ___ ___ (_______ ______)
Pneumococcus bacteria, droplets in the air (respiratory droplets)
Ways to reduce transmission of:
Influenza & Pneumococcal disease
-getting ________
-avoid ______ ________ with the ____
-observe ____ ________ _______ by โฆ.
vaccinations, close contact, sick/infected, good personal hygiene, washing hands with soap and water/alcohol disinfectant
More ways to reduce transmission:
-avoid touching ____, ____, _____
-wear a ________ ____ when unwell
eyes, nose, mouth, surgical mask
reduce transmission of INFLUENZA ONLY:
-taking __________ _____
antiviral drugs
reduce transmission of PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE ONLY:
-taking __________
antibiotics
A vaccine contains an agent that _______ a _______ and prevents further infectious diseases by ________ WBCs to quickly produce _________ when the same pathogen invades.
resembles, pathogen, stimulating, antibodies
Vaccines administered _______ and through _________
orally, injections
Types of vaccines (supplementary)
-v
-R
-w
-p
-viral vector
-RNA
-โwholeโ virus
-protein subunit
How vaccines work:
1. WBCs ____ to _______ on the pathogen
2. WBCs _________ to ______
3. Many _________ produced by WBCs
4. Antibodies help _________ ____________
- bind, antigens
- stimulated, divide
- antibodies
- destroy pathogen
How vaccines work:
5. Some WBCs remain in bloodstream for a long time as _______ _____ so that in the future, when the same pathogen enters the body, they can _________ & quickly _________ the antibodies to destroy them before they can infect our cells
- memory cells, recognise, produce
Antibiotics are drugs used to treat __________ infections.
bacterial
Antibiotics used to ____/_______ growth of bacteria/fungi
kill/inhibit
Antibiotics are __________ against viruses
ineffective
Antibiotics causes what in bacterial cells?
-inhibits the _________ of bacterial cell walls
-inhibits cell membrane _______
-inhibits _______ __________ in ribosome
-inhibits _______ ______ in cytoplasm
-synthesis
-function
-protein synthesis
-enzyme action
By inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, cell walls _________, water ____ cell via o______. cell expands, bursts and dies
weakened, enters, osmosis
By inhibiting cell membrane function, bacteria is no longer ________ from its environment and substances can ____ ____ the bacterial cell
protected, move into
By inhibiting protein synthesis in ribosome, _____ is inhibited
growth
By inhibiting enzyme action in cytoplasm, _____ is inhibited
growth
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses as:
1. they act on bacterial ____ _____, which viruses lack.
2. they break up ____ _________, which viruses also lack.
3. they act on _______, inhibiting protein synthesis and growth. viruses do not have them and do not grow.
- cell walls
- cell membranes
- ribosomes
How does antibiotic resistance come about?
-bacteria more _______ to an antibiotic will be _____, while bacteria less _______ to an antibiotic would not be ______ easily & will _______.
sensitive, killed, sensitive, killed, survive
How does antibiotic resistance come about?
-less sensitive bacteria will ______ & ____ ____ genes, hence passing down their _____
multiply, pass down, resistance
Reduction of antibiotics resistance:
-not ______/_______ antibiotics to treat viral instead of bacteria infection.
-_________ the course of antibiotics prescribed by doctors
-using antibiotics only when _________ (not on minor infections)
misusing/overusing, complete, necessary
