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11 infectious disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A disease is a condition that causes the body to function _____ effectively and produce specifics signs/______

A

less, symptoms

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease-causing organism

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3
Q

Examples of pathogens:

A

Virus, bacteria, parasites, fungi

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4
Q

Non-infectious disease is ____ caused by _______

A

not, pathogens

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5
Q

People get non-infectious diseases by _______, _______ ______ or _ ________

A

inheritance, environmental factors, a(n) (unhealthy) lifestyle

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6
Q

Ways infectious diseases spread:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. droplets in the air
  2. direct contact
  3. contaminated food and water
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7
Q

Droplets in the air:
>when a person coughs or sneezes, numerous ________ ________ expelled. droplets may contain ________. people at close range may ________ the droplets and get _______

A

respiratory droplets, pathogens, breathe in (inhale), infected

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8
Q

Direct contact:
>when ________ ______ are exchanged during sexual intercourse. pathogens can be spread when ____/________ ________ of an infected person comes into contact with that of another person

A

bodily fluids, skin/mucous membrane

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9
Q

Contaminated food/water:
>food and water may be contaminated by ________, may occur when food and water not ________ ________/_________

A

pathogens, properly stored/handled

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10
Q

Examples of pathogens that spread through droplets in the air:

A

SARS-COV-2 (causing COVID-19), SARS-COV-1, measles, chickenpox (varicella zoster), influenza, pneumococcal disease

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11
Q

Examples of pathogens that spread thru direct contact (sexually transmitted illnesses):

A

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), gonorrhea, human papilloma virus (HPV), syphilis, herpes, chlamydia

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12
Q

Examples of pathogens that spread thru direct contact (mother to fetus):

A

hepatitis b, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), chickenpox (varicella zoster), herpes

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13
Q

Examples of pathogens that spread thru contaminated food/water:

A

salmonella, norovirus, escherichia coli (e. coli), cholera (vibrio cholerae), typhoid fever

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14
Q

Methods preventing spread of water and food-borne illnesses:
-practiceโ€ฆ
-goodโ€ฆ
-cleanโ€ฆ
-properโ€ฆ

A

-practice hygienic food prep and storage
-good personal hygiene
-clean water supply
-proper sewage system

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15
Q

Methods preventing spread of illnesses spreading through droplets in the air:
-wearโ€ฆ
-โ€ฆexposed surfaces
-practiceโ€ฆ
-โ€ฆregularly

A

-wear a mask
-wipe down and sanitize exposed surfaces
-practice social distancing
-wash hands regularly

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16
Q

Methods preventing spread of illnesses spreading through direct contact:
-practiceโ€ฆ

A

-practice safe sex

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17
Q

Features & organelles of bacterial cells:
-c
-c
-c
-r
-p
-D
-f

A

-cell wall
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-plasmids (circular DNA)
-DNA
-1/more flagella

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18
Q

Linear double-stranded DNA molecule found in _______ _______ & ______ _____ while circular and coiled DNA (more stable than circular) are found in ________ _____

A

nuclei of animal & plant cells, in bacterial cells

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19
Q

Basic structure of a virus:
-a _______ coat called ______ around its ________, which is either DNA/RNA. has _______ _______ on its _____ _________ to allow them to enter cells

A

protein, capsid, genetic material, protein spikes, lipid envelope

20
Q

Viruses do not have cellular structure like ______, ________ or ________.

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles

21
Q

Viruses need a living host to reproduce as they need to _______ a living cell, _________ cell functions and forcing cell to _________ of the virus from the instructions in its genetic material

A

enter, overtake, make copies

22
Q

Symptoms of Influenza:
-f
-h
-c
-s
-c
-r
-m
-f

A

-fever
-headache
-cough
-sore throat
-chills
-runny nose
-muscle ache
-fatigue

23
Q

Symptoms of Pneumococcal disease:
-f
-c
-s
-s
-v
-p

A

-fever
-cough
-shortness of breath
-severe headaches
-vomiting
-photophobia

24
Q

Influenza is caused by the Influenza ______, and is transmitted via ________ __ ___ ___ or touching __________ objects then touching _____, ______ or _______

A

virus, droplets in the air, contaminated, mouth, nose, eyes

25
Q

Pneumococcal disease is caused by __________ _________, also known as ๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฑ๐˜ต๐˜ฐ๐˜ค๐˜ฐ๐˜ค๐˜ค๐˜ถ๐˜ด ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ๐˜ถ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ช๐˜ข๐˜ฆ. It is transmitted via _______ __ ___ ___ (_______ ______)

A

Pneumococcus bacteria, droplets in the air (respiratory droplets)

26
Q

Ways to reduce transmission of:
Influenza & Pneumococcal disease
-getting ________
-avoid ______ ________ with the ____
-observe ____ ________ _______ by โ€ฆ.

A

vaccinations, close contact, sick/infected, good personal hygiene, washing hands with soap and water/alcohol disinfectant

27
Q

More ways to reduce transmission:
-avoid touching ____, ____, _____
-wear a ________ ____ when unwell

A

eyes, nose, mouth, surgical mask

28
Q

reduce transmission of INFLUENZA ONLY:
-taking __________ _____

A

antiviral drugs

29
Q

reduce transmission of PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE ONLY:
-taking __________

A

antibiotics

30
Q

A vaccine contains an agent that _______ a _______ and prevents further infectious diseases by ________ WBCs to quickly produce _________ when the same pathogen invades.

A

resembles, pathogen, stimulating, antibodies

31
Q

Vaccines administered _______ and through _________

A

orally, injections

32
Q

Types of vaccines (supplementary)
-v
-R
-w
-p

A

-viral vector
-RNA
-โ€œwholeโ€ virus
-protein subunit

33
Q

How vaccines work:
1. WBCs ____ to _______ on the pathogen
2. WBCs _________ to ______
3. Many _________ produced by WBCs
4. Antibodies help _________ ____________

A
  1. bind, antigens
  2. stimulated, divide
  3. antibodies
  4. destroy pathogen
34
Q

How vaccines work:
5. Some WBCs remain in bloodstream for a long time as _______ _____ so that in the future, when the same pathogen enters the body, they can _________ & quickly _________ the antibodies to destroy them before they can infect our cells

A
  1. memory cells, recognise, produce
35
Q

Antibiotics are drugs used to treat __________ infections.

A

bacterial

36
Q

Antibiotics used to ____/_______ growth of bacteria/fungi

A

kill/inhibit

37
Q

Antibiotics are __________ against viruses

A

ineffective

38
Q

Antibiotics causes what in bacterial cells?
-inhibits the _________ of bacterial cell walls
-inhibits cell membrane _______
-inhibits _______ __________ in ribosome
-inhibits _______ ______ in cytoplasm

A

-synthesis
-function
-protein synthesis
-enzyme action

39
Q

By inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, cell walls _________, water ____ cell via o______. cell expands, bursts and dies

A

weakened, enters, osmosis

40
Q

By inhibiting cell membrane function, bacteria is no longer ________ from its environment and substances can ____ ____ the bacterial cell

A

protected, move into

41
Q

By inhibiting protein synthesis in ribosome, _____ is inhibited

A

growth

42
Q

By inhibiting enzyme action in cytoplasm, _____ is inhibited

A

growth

43
Q

Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses as:
1. they act on bacterial ____ _____, which viruses lack.
2. they break up ____ _________, which viruses also lack.
3. they act on _______, inhibiting protein synthesis and growth. viruses do not have them and do not grow.

A
  1. cell walls
  2. cell membranes
  3. ribosomes
44
Q

How does antibiotic resistance come about?
-bacteria more _______ to an antibiotic will be _____, while bacteria less _______ to an antibiotic would not be ______ easily & will _______.

A

sensitive, killed, sensitive, killed, survive

45
Q

How does antibiotic resistance come about?
-less sensitive bacteria will ______ & ____ ____ genes, hence passing down their _____

A

multiply, pass down, resistance

46
Q

Reduction of antibiotics resistance:
-not ______/_______ antibiotics to treat viral instead of bacteria infection.
-_________ the course of antibiotics prescribed by doctors
-using antibiotics only when _________ (not on minor infections)

A

misusing/overusing, complete, necessary

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