16 reproduction in plants Flashcards
All parts of a flower
-c
-s
-r
-s
-p
-p
-carpel
-stamen
-receptacle
-sepal
-pedicel
-petals
The stamen consists of:
filament & anther
The carpel/pistil consists of:
stigma, style, ovary, ovule
Petals are ________ leaves forming the most _________ part of the flower.
modified, conspicuous
In insect pollinated flowers, petals:
-are ______ _______ to attract insects for pollination
-provide a ________ for insects to land
-have _____ to guide insects to nectar at base of petals (aka ______ _____)
brightly coloured, platform, lines, nectar guides
Sepals are _______ leaves that _______ and protect flower in ___ stage
modified, enclose, bud
Flower stalk/pedicel _______ flowers to stem. (not all flowers have this, some are sterile flowers growing directly on branches)
attaches
Receptacle ____ all petals and it is the ______ end of the flower stalk
holds, swollen
Filament is the stalk that holds anther at a _______ position to disperse pollen
suitable
In insect pollinated flowers filament is ____
In wind pollinated flowers filament is ________
firm, pendulous
Anther _______ pollen grains. When anther matures, it ____ open to release pollen grains
produces, splits
Pollen grains contain ___ _______. They also have _______ for survival, like hooks to hook onto animal ___.
male gametes, adaptations, fur
Stigma secretes _______ _____ when mature. The fluid ______ pollen grains to _________ forming pollen tube
sugary fluid, stimulates, germinate
Pollen tube is formed when pollen grain come into contact with sugary fluid on stigma leading to ________, where pollen grain secretes _______ to digest cells in style to reach _______.
germination, enzymes, ovules
Style is the stalk connecting _____ to _____
stigma, ovary
Ovary contains 1/more ______.
ovules
Within each mature ovule is a ______ ______/egg cell called ____ (___ for plural)
female gamete, ovum, ova
Pollination is the ______ of pollens grains from _____ to ______. 2 different types of pollination are ___ & _____ pollination
transfer, anther, stigma, self & cross
Self pollination is the ______ of pollen grains from _____ to ______ of the ___ flower/a different flower on the ____ plant
transfer, anther, stigma, same, same
Features favouring self-pollination:
-B_______ flowers with anthers and stigma_______ at the same time.
-Stigma situated directly _____ anthers.
-Some flowers never ____, only self-pollination can occur in these flowers
-Bisexual, mature
-below
-open
Advantages of self-pollination:
-requires only _ parent
-may inherit _________ qualities from parent
-doesn’t depend on _____/____ for pollination
-_____ chance of pollination
-less _____ & ______ are wasted
-1
-beneficial
-insects/wind
-higher
-pollen, energy
Disadvantages of self-pollination:
-____ genetic variation in offspring, hence less ___ _______ to changes in environment
-offspring _____, ______, ___ resistance to diseases
-less, well adapted
-weaker, smaller, less
Cross pollination is the _______ of pollen grains from 1 plant’s ______ to the ______ of a flower of a _______ plant of the same _______
transfer, anther, stigma, different, species
Features favouring cross-pollination:
-imperfect flowers, either ____/______ flowers
-in bisexual flowers, _____ & ______ may _______ at different times
-_______ of bisexual flowers may be situated far away from _______
-male/female
-anther, stigma, mature
-stigmas, anthers
Advantages of cross-pollination:
-beneficial qualities _________ from both parents.
-greater _________ __________ in offspring, which increases _________ ____ due to adaptability to changes in environment
-seeds more ______
-inherited
-genetic variation, survivability rate
-viable (easy to germinate)
Disadvantages of cross-pollination:
-_ parents needed
-need to depend on _______ ______ like ____/______ for pollination
-______ chance of successful pollination
-more ______ and ______ are wasted
-2
-external agents, wind/insects
-lower
-pollen, energy
Process of insect pollination:
1. Insect lands on _____
2. It follows ______ _____
3. It forces its way in to ________ _______
4. Its back brushes against ________ & ________
5. __________
- petal
- nectar guides
- collect nectar
- anthers & stigma
- pollination
Adaptations of insect-pollinated flowers:
1. Petals coloured ________ (c_________), with presence of ________ ________
2. Nectar found at bottom of _______ _______ (inside flower so insects have to brush past ________ & _________ to get nectar)
3. Stigma is _____ & _______
4. Style is ____, _____ & _____
- brightly, conspicuous, nectar guides
- stamen trough, stigma and anthers
- small and compact
- long curved and hairy
Characteristics of insect-pollinated flowers (includes adaptations):
1. ______ scent
2. ________, ______ and _____ ________ pollen
- fragrant
- larger, rough and fairly abundant
Adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers:
1. Stigma is ________ & ________, ___________ out of bracts
2. Stamens ____ & _________, anthers ____ _______ bract
- feathery & large, hanging
- long & pendulous, hang outside
Characteristics of wind-pollinated flowers (includes adaptations):
1. ____, _____ petals/completely ______
2. __ scent (_________)
3. _____, ______, _______ & __________ pollen
- dull, small, absent
- no, odourless
- small, light, smooth & abundant
Fertilisation process
1. Pollen grain __________ after landing on ______
2. Each pollen grain grows a _______ ____ with ____ ______ inside tube
3. Tube grows down ______ into ______
4. Tube enters ______ thru __________
5. Tube _____ & releases ____ ______ into _____
6. _________ occurs when _____ _______’s nucleus fuses with _____’s nucleus
7. ______ becomes fruit, ______ becomes seed
- germinates, stigma
- pollen tube, male gamete
- style, ovary
- ovule, micropyle
- bursts, male gametes, ovule
- Fertilisation, male gamete, ovum
- Ovary, Ovule
After fertilisation:
Ovary->
Ovule->
Zygote (single cell)->
Petals, style, anthers->
Stigma->
Flower stalk (pedicel)->
fruit
seed
embryo (aft. mitosis)
withers and falls
withers but stay on fruit
fruit stalk
Inside a seed:
-Embryo consists of: _______ _____, ________ _____ and the _______
-_______ provide food for seed during ________
-Embryonic shoot, Embryonic root and cotyledons
-Cotyledons, germination
