8 Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg and Gilligan

Question 1

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 1

Erickson - Birth-1yo. Is the world safe vs. threatening; are caregivers trustworthy to provide for basic needs? If mistrust, child will not follow advice/seek help/let down guard.

Question 2

Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt

Answer 2

Erickson - 1-3yo. “Terrible twos”; developing sense of free will, independence and self-assertion.

Question 3

Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 3

Erickson - 3-5yo. Child is learning to declare that autonomy, conform to society, join peers/adults, contribute.

Question 4

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 4

Erickson - 5-11yo. Develop sense of competence, compare self to others, develop self esteem.

Question 5

Identity vs. Role confusion

Answer 5

Erickson - 11-21yo. Adolescence, “Who am I?”, Exploration and commitment, Difficult period.

Question 6

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 6

Erickson - 21-40yo. Young adulthood, finding spouse, deep/lasting relationships.

Question 7

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer 7

Erickson - 40-60yo. Middle adulthood, raise next generation, contribute meaningfully to world.

Question 8

Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 8

Erickson - 60yo-death. Late adulthood, review life, find meaning in life.

Question 9

Piaget’s Sensorimotor

Answer 9

Birth-2yo. Learn to coordinate sensory and motor input.

Question 10

Piaget’s Preoperational

Answer 10

2-6yo. Master object permanence, use symbols for reality, egocentric. Theory of mind: difficult distinguishing own viewpoint from others’. Confusion about causation and appearance/reality.

Question 11

Piaget’s Concrete Operational

Answer 11

6-12yo. Use logic for mental action (math), direct experiences necessary, development of conservation, rule-based games.

Question 12

Piaget’s Formal Operational

Answer 12

12-19yo. Capacity for abstract thought, formal deductive-reasoning, systematic problem solving, interest in abstract ideas and ethical principles. 30-40% reach this.

Question 13

Kohlberg’s Level I

Answer 13

Preconventional. Includes stages 1 and 2.

Question 14

Kohlberg’s Level II

Answer 14

Conventional. Includes stage 3 and 4.

Question 15

Kohlberg’s Stage 1

Answer 15

Heteronomous morality - end of preschool, right determined by external rules, motivation is avoid punishment.
(Level I)

Question 16

Kohlberg’s Stage 2

Answer 16

Stage 2: Instrumental morality - begins age 7-8, right determined by serving own needs (aware of others’ needs), not dependent on external authority for right/wrong.
(Level I)

Question 17

Kohlberg’s Stage 3

Answer 17

Stage 3: Good-child morality - age 10-11, right determined by living up to expectations, pro-social, do right to be good person.
(Level II)

Question 18

Kohlberg’s Stage 4

Answer 18

Stage 4: Law-and-order mentality - adolescence and early 20s, right determined by following the law, helping society, reason is to promote rules of social groups.

*At age 20, 55% are at stage 3, 27% at stage 4.

Question 19

Kohlberg’s Level III

Answer 19

Postconventional, or Principled. Includes stages 5 and 6.

Question 20

Kohlberg’s Stage 5

Answer 20

Social-contract reasoning - early adulthood, right determined by upholding universal values, promote everyone’s welfare, variety of values in society.
(Level III)

Question 21

Kohlberg’s Stage 6

Answer 21

Universal Principles - more an ideal than a reality, right determined by self-chosen ethical principles, which override law in case of conflict, reason is belief in the validity of universal moral principles.
(Level III)

Question 22

Carol Gilligan’s critique of Kohlberg

Answer 22

Kohlberg emphasized abstract principles, based on males. Argued women tend to reason more out of a morality of care, focus on relationships of principle. Girls more nurturant/compassionate.